update the userguide for tree (not complete yet)
Michael Stapelberg
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docs/userguide
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@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
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i3 User’s Guide
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===============
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Michael Stapelberg <michael+i3@stapelberg.de>
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March 2010
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May 2011
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*********************************************************************************
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This document is not yet finished. The tree branch is still in development. The
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information provided here should be correct, just not complete yet.
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*********************************************************************************
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This document contains all the information you need to configure and use the i3
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window manager. If it does not, please contact me on IRC, Jabber or E-Mail and
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I’ll help you out.
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window manager. If it does not, please contact us on IRC (preferred) or post your
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question(s) on the mailing list.
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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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== Default keybindings
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For the "too long; didn’t read" people, here is an overview of the default
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@ -26,42 +32,48 @@ you can also use keysymbols, see <<keybindings>>).
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The red keys are the modifiers you need to press (by default), the blue keys
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are your homerow.
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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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== Using i3
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Throughout this guide, the keyword +mod+ will be used to refer to the
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configured modifier. This is the windows key (mod4) by default, with alt (mod1)
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being a popular alternative.
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=== Opening terminals and moving around
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One very basic operation is opening a new terminal. By default, the keybinding
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for this is Mod1+Enter, that is Alt+Enter in the default configuration. By
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pressing Mod1+Enter, a new terminal will be opened. It will fill the whole
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for this is mod+Enter, that is Win+Enter in the default configuration. By
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pressing mod+Enter, a new terminal will be opened. It will fill the whole
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space available on your screen.
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image:single_terminal.png[Single terminal]
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It is important to keep in mind that i3 uses a table to manage your windows. At
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the moment, you have exactly one column and one row which leaves you with one
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cell. In this cell there is a container, which is where your new terminal is
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opened.
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If you now open another terminal, you still have only one cell. However, the
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container in that cell holds both of your terminals. So, a container is just a
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group of clients with a specific layout. Containers can be resized by adjusting
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the size of the cell that holds them.
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If you now open another terminal, i3 will place it next to the current one,
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splitting the screen size in half. Depending on your monitor, i3 will put the
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new window right to the old window (for widescreen) or below the old window
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(rotated displays).
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image:two_terminals.png[Two terminals]
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To move the focus between the two terminals, you use the direction keys which
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you may know from the editor +vi+. However, in i3, your homerow is used for
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these keys (in +vi+, the keys are shifted to the left by one for compatibility
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with most keyboard layouts). Therefore, +Mod1+J+ is left, +Mod1+K+ is down,
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+Mod1+L+ is up and `Mod1+;` is right. So, to switch between the terminals,
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use +Mod1+K+ or +Mod1+L+.
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with most keyboard layouts). Therefore, +mod+J+ is left, +mod+K+ is down,
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+mod+L+ is up and `mod+;` is right. So, to switch between the terminals,
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use +mod+K+ or +mod+L+.
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To create a new row/column (and a new cell), you can simply move a terminal (or
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any other window) in the direction you want to expand your table. So, let’s
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expand the table to the right by pressing `Mod1+Shift+;`.
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At the moment, your workspace is split (it contains two terminals) in a
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specific direction (horizontal by default). Every window can be split
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horizontally or vertically again, just like the workspace. The terminology is
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"window" for a container that actually contains an X11 window (like a terminal
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or browser) and "split container" for containers that consist of one or more
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windows.
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image:two_columns.png[Two columns]
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TODO: picture of the tree
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To split a window vertically, press +mod+v+. To split it horizontally, press
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+mod+h+.
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=== Changing container modes
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@ -85,15 +97,19 @@ image:modes.png[Container modes]
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=== Toggling fullscreen mode for a window
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To display a window fullscreen or to go out of fullscreen mode again, press
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+Mod1+f+.
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+mod+f+.
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/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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TODO: not yet implemented
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There is also a global fullscreen mode in i3 in which the client will use all
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available outputs. To use it, or to get out of it again, press +Mod1+Shift+f+.
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available outputs. To use it, or to get out of it again, press +mod+Shift+f+.
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/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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=== Opening other applications
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Aside from opening applications from a terminal, you can also use the handy
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+dmenu+ which is opened by pressing +Mod1+v+ by default. Just type the name
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+dmenu+ which is opened by pressing +mod+p+ by default. Just type the name
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(or a part of it) of the application which you want to open. The application
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typed has to be in your +$PATH+ for this to work.
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@ -115,7 +131,7 @@ depends on the application.
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Workspaces are an easy way to group a set of windows. By default, you are on
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the first workspace, as the bar on the bottom left indicates. To switch to
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another workspace, press +Mod1+num+ where +num+ is the number of the workspace
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another workspace, press +mod+num+ where +num+ is the number of the workspace
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you want to use. If the workspace does not exist yet, it will be created.
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A common paradigm is to put the web browser on one workspace, communication
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@ -129,18 +145,15 @@ focus to that screen.
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=== Moving windows to workspaces
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To move a window to another workspace, simply press +Mod1+Shift+num+ where
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To move a window to another workspace, simply press +mod+Shift+num+ where
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+num+ is (like when switching workspaces) the number of the target workspace.
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Similarly to switching workspaces, the target workspace will be created if
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it does not yet exist.
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=== Resizing columns/rows
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=== Resizing
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To resize columns or rows, just grab the border between the two columns/rows
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and move it to the wanted size. Please keep in mind that each cell of the table
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holds a +container+ and thus you cannot horizontally resize single windows. If
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you need applications with different horizontal sizes, place them in seperate
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cells one above the other.
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The easiest way to resize a container is by using the mouse: Grab the border
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and move it to the wanted size.
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See <<resizingconfig>> for how to configure i3 to be able to resize
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columns/rows with your keyboard.
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@ -148,35 +161,21 @@ columns/rows with your keyboard.
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=== Restarting i3 inplace
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To restart i3 inplace (and thus get into a clean state if there is a bug, or
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to upgrade to a newer version of i3) you can use +Mod1+Shift+r+. Be aware,
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though, that this kills your current layout and all the windows you have opened
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will be put in a default container in only one cell. Saving layouts will be
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implemented in a later version.
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to upgrade to a newer version of i3) you can use +mod+Shift+r+.
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=== Exiting i3
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To cleanly exit i3 without killing your X server, you can use +Mod1+Shift+e+.
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=== Snapping
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Snapping is a mechanism to increase/decrease the colspan/rowspan of a container.
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Colspan/rowspan is the number of columns/rows a specific cell of the table
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consumes. This is easier explained by giving an example, so take the following
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layout:
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image:snapping.png[Snapping example]
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To use the full size of your screen, you can now snap container 3 downwards
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by pressing +Mod1+Control+k+ (or snap container 2 rightwards).
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To cleanly exit i3 without killing your X server, you can use +mod+Shift+e+.
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=== Floating
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Floating mode is the opposite of tiling mode. The position and size of a window
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are not managed by i3, but by you. Using this mode violates the tiling
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paradigm but can be useful for some corner cases like "Save as" dialog
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windows, or toolbar windows (GIMP or similar).
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windows, or toolbar windows (GIMP or similar). Those windows usually set the
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appropriate hint and are opened in floating mode by default.
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You can enable floating mode for a window by pressing +Mod1+Shift+Space+. By
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You can enable floating mode for a window by pressing +mod+Shift+Space+. By
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dragging the window’s titlebar with your mouse you can move the window
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around. By grabbing the borders and moving them you can resize the window. You
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can also do that by using the <<floating_modifier>>.
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@ -185,6 +184,74 @@ For resizing floating windows with your keyboard, see <<resizingconfig>>.
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Floating windows are always on top of tiling windows.
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== Tree
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The most important change and reason for the name is that i3 stores all
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information about the X11 outputs, workspaces and layout of the windows on them
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in a tree. The root node is the X11 root window, followed by the X11 outputs,
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then workspaces and finally the windows themselve. In previous versions of i3
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we had multiple lists (of outputs, workspaces) and a table for each workspace.
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That approach turned out to be complicated to use (snapping), understand and
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implement.
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=== The tree consists of Containers
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The building blocks of our tree are so called +Containers+. A +Container+ can
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host a window (meaning an X11 window, one that you can actually see and use,
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like a browser). Alternatively, it could contain one or more +Containers+. A
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simple example is the workspace: When you start i3 with a single monitor, a
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single workspace and you open two terminal windows, you will end up with a tree
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like this:
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image::tree-layout2.png["layout2",float="right"]
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image::tree-shot4.png["shot4",title="Two terminals on standard workspace"]
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=== Orientation and Split Containers
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[[OrientationSplit]]
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It is only natural to use so-called +Split Containers+ in order to build a
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layout when using a tree as data structure. In i3, every +Container+ has an
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orientation (horizontal, vertical or unspecified). So, in our example with the
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workspace, the default orientation of the workspace +Container+ is horizontal
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(most monitors are widescreen nowadays). If you change the orientation to
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vertical (+Alt+v+ in the default config) and *then* open two terminals, i3 will
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configure your windows like this:
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image::tree-shot2.png["shot2",title="Vertical Workspace Orientation"]
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An interesting new feature of the tree branch is the ability to split anything:
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Let’s assume you have two terminals on a workspace (with horizontal
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orientation), focus is on the right terminal. Now you want to open another
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terminal window below the current one. If you would just open a new terminal
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window, it would show up to the right due to the horizontal workspace
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orientation. Instead, press +Alt+v+ to create a +Vertical Split Container+ (to
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open a +Horizontal Split Container+, use +Alt+h+). Now you can open a new
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terminal and it will open below the current one:
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image::tree-layout1.png["Layout",float="right"]
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image::tree-shot1.png["shot",title="Vertical Split Container"]
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unfloat::[]
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You probably guessed it already: There is no limit on how deep your hierarchy
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of splits can be.
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=== Level up
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Let’s stay with our example from above. We have a terminal on the left and two
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vertically split terminals on the right, focus is on the bottom right one. When
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you open a new terminal, it will open below the current one.
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So, how can you open a new terminal window to the *right* of the current one?
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The solution is to use +level up+, which will focus the +Parent Container+ of
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the current +Container+. In this case, you would focus the +Vertical Split
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Container+ which is *inside* the horizontally oriented workspace. Thus, now new
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windows will be opened to the right of the +Vertical Split Container+:
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image::tree-shot3.png["shot3",title="Level Up, then open new terminal"]
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== Configuring i3
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This is where the real fun begins ;-). Most things are very dependant on your
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@ -221,6 +288,9 @@ workspace bar. You can use +xfontsel(1)+ to generate such a font description.
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To see special characters (Unicode), you need to use a font which supports
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the ISO-10646 encoding.
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If i3 cannot open the configured font, it will output an error in the logfile
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and fall back to a working font.
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*Syntax*:
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------------------------------
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font <X core font description>
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@ -308,8 +378,12 @@ floating_modifier <Modifiers>
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floating_modifier Mod1
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--------------------------------
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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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=== Layout mode for new containers
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TODO: this is workspace_layout. but workspace_layout only works for the first
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con, right?
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This option determines in which mode new containers will start. See also
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<<stack-limit>>.
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@ -323,6 +397,7 @@ new_container stack-limit <cols|rows> <value>
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---------------------
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new_container tabbed
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---------------------
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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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=== Border style for new windows
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@ -330,12 +405,12 @@ This option determines which border style new windows will have.
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*Syntax*:
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---------------------------------------------
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new_window <bp|bn|bb>
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new_window <normal|1pixel|borderless>
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---------------------------------------------
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*Examples*:
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---------------------
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new_window bp
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new_window 1pixel
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---------------------
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=== Variables
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@ -380,21 +455,21 @@ not be put onto any workspace, but will be set floating on the current one.
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*Syntax*:
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------------------------------------------------------------
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assign ["]window class[/window title]["] [→] [~ | workspace]
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assign ["]window class[/window title]["] [→] [workspace]
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------------------------------------------------------------
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*Examples*:
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----------------------
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assign urxvt 2
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assign urxvt → 2
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assign urxvt → work
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assign "urxvt" → 2
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assign "urxvt/VIM" → 3
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assign "gecko" → ~4
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assign "xv/MPlayer" → ~
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assign "gecko" → 4
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----------------------
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Note that the arrow is not required, it just looks good :-). If you decide to
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use it, it has to be a UTF-8 encoded arrow, not "->" or something like that.
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use it, it has to be a UTF-8 encoded arrow, not `->` or something like that.
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=== Automatically starting applications on i3 startup
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@ -409,7 +484,7 @@ exec command
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*Examples*:
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--------------------------------
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exec sudo i3status | dzen2 -dock
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exec i3status | dzen2 -dock
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--------------------------------
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[[workspace_screen]]
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@ -437,26 +512,6 @@ workspace 1 output LVDS1
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workspace 5 output VGA1
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---------------------------
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=== Named workspaces
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If you always have a certain arrangement of workspaces, you might want to give
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them names (of course UTF-8 is supported):
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*Syntax*:
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---------------------------------------
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workspace <number> <name>
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workspace <number> output <output> name
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---------------------------------------
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For more details about the 'output' part of this command, see above.
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*Examples*:
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--------------------------
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workspace 1 www
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workspace 2 work
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workspace 3 i ♥ workspaces
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--------------------------
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=== Changing colors
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You can change all colors which i3 uses to draw the window decorations and the
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@ -549,107 +604,73 @@ focus_follows_mouse <yes|no>
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focus_follows_mouse no
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----------------------
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=== Internal workspace bar
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The internal workspace bar (the thing at the bottom of your screen) is very
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simple -- it does not provide a way to display custom text and it does not
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offer advanced customization features. This is intended because we do not
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want to duplicate functionality of tools like +dzen2+, +xmobar+ and so on
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(they render bars, we manage windows). Instead, there is an option which will
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turn off the internal bar completely, so that you can use a separate program to
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display it (see +i3-wsbar+, a sample implementation of such a program):
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*Syntax*:
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----------------------
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workspace_bar <yes|no>
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----------------------
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*Examples*:
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----------------
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workspace_bar no
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----------------
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== List of commands
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=== Manipulating layout
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To change the layout of the current container to stacking, use +s+, for default
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use +d+ and for tabbed, use +T+. To make the current client (!) fullscreen,
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use +f+, to make it span all outputs, use +fg+, to make it floating (or
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tiling again) use +t+:
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To change the layout of the current container to stacking, use +layout
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stacking+, for default use +layout default+ and for tabbed, use +layout
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tabbed+. To make the current client (!) fullscreen, use +fullscreen+, to make
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it floating (or tiling again) use +mode floating+ respectively +mode tiling+
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(or +mode toggle+):
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*Examples*:
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--------------
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bindsym Mod1+s s
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bindsym Mod1+l d
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bindsym Mod1+w T
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bindsym Mod1+s layout stacking
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bindsym Mod1+l layout default
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bindsym Mod1+w layout tabbed
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# Toggle fullscreen
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bindsym Mod1+f f
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# Toggle global fullscreen
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bindsym Mod1+Shift+f fg
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bindsym Mod1+f fullscreen
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# Toggle floating/tiling
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bindsym Mod1+t t
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bindsym Mod1+t mode toggle
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--------------
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=== Focusing/Moving/Snapping clients/containers/screens
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=== Focusing/Moving containers
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To change the focus, use one of the +h+, +j+, +k+ and +l+ commands, meaning
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left, down, up, right (respectively). To focus a container, prefix it with
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+wc+. To focus a screen, prefix it with +ws+.
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To change the focus, use one of the +prev h+, +next v+, +prev v+ and +next h+
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commands, meaning left, down, up, right (respectively).
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The same principle applies for moving and snapping: just prefix the command
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with +m+ when moving and with +s+ when snapping:
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For moving, use +move left+, +move right+, +move down+ and +move up+.
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*Examples*:
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----------------------
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# Focus clients on the left, bottom, top, right:
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bindsym Mod1+j h
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bindsym Mod1+k j
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bindsym Mod1+j k
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bindsym Mod1+semicolon l
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bindsym Mod1+j prev h
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bindsym Mod1+k next v
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bindsym Mod1+j prev v
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bindsym Mod1+semicolon next h
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# Move client to the left, bottom, top, right:
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bindsym Mod1+j mh
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bindsym Mod1+k mj
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bindsym Mod1+j mk
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||||
bindsym Mod1+semicolon ml
|
||||
|
||||
# Snap client to the left, bottom, top, right:
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+j sh
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+k sj
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+j sk
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+semicolon sl
|
||||
|
||||
# Focus container on the left, bottom, top, right:
|
||||
bindsym Mod3+j wch
|
||||
…
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+j move left
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+k move down
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+j move up
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+semicolon move right
|
||||
----------------------
|
||||
|
||||
=== Changing workspaces/moving clients to workspaces
|
||||
=== Changing workspaces/moving containers to workspaces
|
||||
|
||||
To change to a specific workspace, the command is just the number of the
|
||||
workspace, e.g. +1+ or +3+. To move the current client to a specific workspace,
|
||||
prefix the number with an +m+.
|
||||
To change to a specific workspace, use the +workspace+ command, followed by the
|
||||
number or name of the workspace. To move containers, use +move workspace+.
|
||||
|
||||
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
TODO: not yet implemented
|
||||
|
||||
You can also switch to the next and previous workspace with the commands +nw+
|
||||
and +pw+, which is handy, for example, if you have workspace 1, 3, 4 and 9 and
|
||||
you want to cycle through them with a single key combination.
|
||||
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
|
||||
*Examples*:
|
||||
-------------------------
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+1 1
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+2 2
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+1 workspace 1
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+2 workspace 2
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+Shift+1 m1
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+Shift+2 m2
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+Shift+1 move workspace 1
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+Shift+2 move workspace 2
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+o nw
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+p pw
|
||||
-------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
[[resizingconfig]]
|
||||
|
|
@ -659,6 +680,8 @@ bindsym Mod1+p pw
|
|||
If you want to resize columns/rows using your keyboard, you can use the
|
||||
+resize+ command, I recommend using it inside a so called +mode+:
|
||||
|
||||
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
TODO: mode is not yet implemented
|
||||
.Example: Configuration file, defining a mode for resizing
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
mode "resize" {
|
||||
|
|
@ -668,17 +691,17 @@ mode "resize" {
|
|||
# when pressing left, the window is resized so that it has
|
||||
# more space on its left
|
||||
|
||||
bindsym n resize left -10
|
||||
bindsym Shift+n resize left +10
|
||||
bindsym j resize shrink left
|
||||
bindsym Shift+j resize grow left
|
||||
|
||||
bindsym r resize bottom +10
|
||||
bindsym Shift+r resize bottom -10
|
||||
bindsym k resize grow bottom
|
||||
bindsym Shift+k resize shrink bottom
|
||||
|
||||
bindsym t resize top -10
|
||||
bindsym Shift+t resize top +10
|
||||
bindsym l resize shrink top
|
||||
bindsym Shift+l resize grow top
|
||||
|
||||
bindsym d resize right +10
|
||||
bindsym Shift+d resize right -10
|
||||
bindsym semicolon resize grow right
|
||||
bindsym Shift+semicolon resize shrink right
|
||||
|
||||
bindcode 36 mode default
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -687,29 +710,28 @@ mode "resize" {
|
|||
bindsym Mod1+r mode resize
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
|
||||
=== Jumping to specific windows
|
||||
|
||||
Often when in a multi-monitor environment, you want to quickly jump to a
|
||||
specific window. For example, while working on workspace 3 you may want to
|
||||
jump to your mail client to email your boss that you’ve achieved some
|
||||
important goal. Instead of figuring out how to navigate to your mailclient,
|
||||
it would be more convenient to have a shortcut.
|
||||
it would be more convenient to have a shortcut. You can use the +focus+ command
|
||||
for that.
|
||||
|
||||
*Syntax*:
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------
|
||||
jump ["]window class[/window title]["]
|
||||
jump workspace [ column row ]
|
||||
[class="class"] focus
|
||||
[title="title"] focus
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
You can either use the same matching algorithm as in the +assign+ command
|
||||
(see above) or you can specify the position of the client if you always use
|
||||
the same layout.
|
||||
|
||||
*Examples*:
|
||||
--------------------------------------
|
||||
------------------------------------------------
|
||||
# Get me to the next open VIM instance
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+a jump "urxvt/VIM"
|
||||
--------------------------------------
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+a [class="urxvt" title="VIM"] focus
|
||||
------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
=== VIM-like marks (mark/goto)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -728,11 +750,13 @@ for this purpose: It lets you input a command and sends the command to i3. It
|
|||
can also prefix this command and display a custom prompt for the input dialog.
|
||||
|
||||
*Syntax*:
|
||||
-----------------
|
||||
------------------------------
|
||||
mark <identifier>
|
||||
goto <identifier>
|
||||
-----------------
|
||||
[con_mark="identifier"] focus
|
||||
------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
TODO: make i3-input replace %s
|
||||
*Examples*:
|
||||
---------------------------------------
|
||||
# Read 1 character and mark the current window with this character
|
||||
|
|
@ -744,7 +768,10 @@ bindsym Mod1+g exec i3-input -p 'goto ' -l 1 -P 'Goto: '
|
|||
|
||||
Alternatively, if you do not want to mess with +i3-input+, you could create
|
||||
seperate bindings for a specific set of labels and then only use those labels.
|
||||
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
|
||||
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
TODO: not yet implemented
|
||||
=== Traveling the focus stack
|
||||
|
||||
This mechanism can be thought of as the opposite of the +jump+ command.
|
||||
|
|
@ -767,29 +794,36 @@ tiling::
|
|||
ft::
|
||||
If the current window is floating, the next tiling window will be
|
||||
selected; and vice-versa.
|
||||
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
|
||||
=== Changing border style
|
||||
|
||||
To change the border of the current client, you can use +bn+ to use the normal
|
||||
border (including window title), +bp+ to use a 1-pixel border (no window title)
|
||||
and +bb+ to make the client borderless. There is also +bt+ which will toggle
|
||||
the different border styles.
|
||||
To change the border of the current client, you can use +border normal+ to use the normal
|
||||
border (including window title), +border 1pixel+ to use a 1-pixel border (no window title)
|
||||
and +border none+ to make the client borderless.
|
||||
|
||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
TODO: not yet implemented
|
||||
There is also +border toggle+ which will toggle the different border styles.
|
||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
|
||||
*Examples*:
|
||||
------------------
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+t bn
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+y bp
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+u bb
|
||||
------------------
|
||||
----------------------------
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+t border normal
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+y border 1pixel
|
||||
bindsym Mod1+u border none
|
||||
----------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
[[stack-limit]]
|
||||
|
||||
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
TODO: not yet implemented
|
||||
=== Changing the stack-limit of a container
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a single container with a lot of windows inside it (say, more than
|
||||
10), the default layout of a stacking container can get a little unhandy.
|
||||
Depending on your screen’s size, you might end up seeing only half of the
|
||||
titlebars for each window in the container.
|
||||
Depending on your screen’s size, you might end up with only half of the title
|
||||
lines being actually used, wasting a lot of screen space.
|
||||
|
||||
Using the +stack-limit+ command, you can limit the number of rows or columns
|
||||
in a stacking container. i3 will create columns or rows (depending on what
|
||||
|
|
@ -810,6 +844,7 @@ stack-limit rows 5
|
|||
-------------------
|
||||
|
||||
image:stacklimit.png[Container limited to two columns]
|
||||
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
|
||||
|
||||
=== Reloading/Restarting/Exiting
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue