12035 lines
456 KiB
Plaintext
12035 lines
456 KiB
Plaintext
\input texinfo
|
||
@c -*-texinfo-*-
|
||
|
||
@c %**start of header
|
||
@setfilename guix.info
|
||
@documentencoding UTF-8
|
||
@settitle GNU Guix Reference Manual
|
||
@c %**end of header
|
||
|
||
@include version.texi
|
||
|
||
@c Identifier of the OpenPGP key used to sign tarballs and such.
|
||
@set OPENPGP-SIGNING-KEY-ID 090B11993D9AEBB5
|
||
|
||
@copying
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 Ludovic Courtès@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2013, 2014, 2016 Andreas Enge@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2013 Nikita Karetnikov@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2014, 2015, 2016 Alex Kost@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2015, 2016 Mathieu Lirzin@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2014 Pierre-Antoine Rault@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2015 Taylan Ulrich Bayırlı/Kammer@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2015, 2016 Leo Famulari@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2015, 2016 Ricardo Wurmus@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2016 Ben Woodcroft@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2016 Chris Marusich@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2016 Efraim Flashner@*
|
||
Copyright @copyright{} 2016 ng0
|
||
|
||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
|
||
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
|
||
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A
|
||
copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free
|
||
Documentation License''.
|
||
@end copying
|
||
|
||
@dircategory System administration
|
||
@direntry
|
||
* Guix: (guix). Manage installed software and system configuration.
|
||
* guix package: (guix)Invoking guix package. Installing, removing, and upgrading packages.
|
||
* guix build: (guix)Invoking guix build. Building packages.
|
||
* guix gc: (guix)Invoking guix gc. Reclaiming unused disk space.
|
||
* guix pull: (guix)Invoking guix pull. Update the list of available packages.
|
||
* guix system: (guix)Invoking guix system. Manage the operating system configuration.
|
||
@end direntry
|
||
|
||
@dircategory Software development
|
||
@direntry
|
||
* guix environment: (guix)Invoking guix environment. Building development environments with Guix.
|
||
@end direntry
|
||
|
||
@dircategory Emacs
|
||
@direntry
|
||
* Guix user interface: (guix)Emacs Interface. Package management from the comfort of Emacs.
|
||
@end direntry
|
||
|
||
|
||
@titlepage
|
||
@title GNU Guix Reference Manual
|
||
@subtitle Using the GNU Guix Functional Package Manager
|
||
@author The GNU Guix Developers
|
||
|
||
@page
|
||
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
|
||
Edition @value{EDITION} @*
|
||
@value{UPDATED} @*
|
||
|
||
@insertcopying
|
||
@end titlepage
|
||
|
||
@contents
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@node Top
|
||
@top GNU Guix
|
||
|
||
This document describes GNU Guix version @value{VERSION}, a functional
|
||
package management tool written for the GNU system.
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Introduction:: What is Guix about?
|
||
* Installation:: Installing Guix.
|
||
* Package Management:: Package installation, upgrade, etc.
|
||
* Emacs Interface:: Using Guix from Emacs.
|
||
* Programming Interface:: Using Guix in Scheme.
|
||
* Utilities:: Package management commands.
|
||
* GNU Distribution:: Software for your friendly GNU system.
|
||
* Contributing:: Your help needed!
|
||
|
||
* Acknowledgments:: Thanks!
|
||
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license of this manual.
|
||
* Concept Index:: Concepts.
|
||
* Programming Index:: Data types, functions, and variables.
|
||
|
||
@detailmenu
|
||
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
|
||
|
||
Installation
|
||
|
||
* Binary Installation:: Getting Guix running in no time!
|
||
* Requirements:: Software needed to build and run Guix.
|
||
* Running the Test Suite:: Testing Guix.
|
||
* Setting Up the Daemon:: Preparing the build daemon's environment.
|
||
* Invoking guix-daemon:: Running the build daemon.
|
||
* Application Setup:: Application-specific setup.
|
||
|
||
Setting Up the Daemon
|
||
|
||
* Build Environment Setup:: Preparing the isolated build environment.
|
||
* Daemon Offload Setup:: Offloading builds to remote machines.
|
||
|
||
Package Management
|
||
|
||
* Features:: How Guix will make your life brighter.
|
||
* Invoking guix package:: Package installation, removal, etc.
|
||
* Substitutes:: Downloading pre-built binaries.
|
||
* Packages with Multiple Outputs:: Single source package, multiple outputs.
|
||
* Invoking guix gc:: Running the garbage collector.
|
||
* Invoking guix pull:: Fetching the latest Guix and distribution.
|
||
* Invoking guix archive:: Exporting and importing store files.
|
||
|
||
Emacs Interface
|
||
|
||
* Initial Setup: Emacs Initial Setup. Preparing @file{~/.emacs}.
|
||
* Package Management: Emacs Package Management. Managing packages and generations.
|
||
* Licenses: Emacs Licenses. Interface for licenses of Guix packages.
|
||
* Package Source Locations: Emacs Package Locations. Interface for package location files.
|
||
* Popup Interface: Emacs Popup Interface. Magit-like interface for guix commands.
|
||
* Prettify Mode: Emacs Prettify. Abbreviating @file{/gnu/store/@dots{}} file names.
|
||
* Build Log Mode: Emacs Build Log. Highlighting Guix build logs.
|
||
* Completions: Emacs Completions. Completing @command{guix} shell command.
|
||
* Development: Emacs Development. Tools for Guix developers.
|
||
* Hydra: Emacs Hydra. Interface for Guix build farm.
|
||
|
||
Programming Interface
|
||
|
||
* Defining Packages:: Defining new packages.
|
||
* Build Systems:: Specifying how packages are built.
|
||
* The Store:: Manipulating the package store.
|
||
* Derivations:: Low-level interface to package derivations.
|
||
* The Store Monad:: Purely functional interface to the store.
|
||
* G-Expressions:: Manipulating build expressions.
|
||
|
||
Defining Packages
|
||
|
||
* package Reference:: The package data type.
|
||
* origin Reference:: The origin data type.
|
||
|
||
Utilities
|
||
|
||
* Invoking guix build:: Building packages from the command line.
|
||
* Invoking guix edit:: Editing package definitions.
|
||
* Invoking guix download:: Downloading a file and printing its hash.
|
||
* Invoking guix hash:: Computing the cryptographic hash of a file.
|
||
* Invoking guix import:: Importing package definitions.
|
||
* Invoking guix refresh:: Updating package definitions.
|
||
* Invoking guix lint:: Finding errors in package definitions.
|
||
* Invoking guix size:: Profiling disk usage.
|
||
* Invoking guix graph:: Visualizing the graph of packages.
|
||
* Invoking guix environment:: Setting up development environments.
|
||
* Invoking guix publish:: Sharing substitutes.
|
||
* Invoking guix challenge:: Challenging substitute servers.
|
||
* Invoking guix container:: Process isolation.
|
||
|
||
Invoking @command{guix build}
|
||
|
||
* Common Build Options:: Build options for most commands.
|
||
* Package Transformation Options:: Creating variants of packages.
|
||
* Additional Build Options:: Options specific to 'guix build'.
|
||
|
||
GNU Distribution
|
||
|
||
* System Installation:: Installing the whole operating system.
|
||
* System Configuration:: Configuring the operating system.
|
||
* Installing Debugging Files:: Feeding the debugger.
|
||
* Security Updates:: Deploying security fixes quickly.
|
||
* Package Modules:: Packages from the programmer's viewpoint.
|
||
* Packaging Guidelines:: Growing the distribution.
|
||
* Bootstrapping:: GNU/Linux built from scratch.
|
||
* Porting:: Targeting another platform or kernel.
|
||
|
||
System Installation
|
||
|
||
* Limitations:: What you can expect.
|
||
* Hardware Considerations:: Supported hardware.
|
||
* USB Stick Installation:: Preparing the installation medium.
|
||
* Preparing for Installation:: Networking, partitioning, etc.
|
||
* Proceeding with the Installation:: The real thing.
|
||
* Installing GuixSD in a VM:: GuixSD playground.
|
||
* Building the Installation Image:: How this comes to be.
|
||
|
||
System Configuration
|
||
|
||
* Using the Configuration System:: Customizing your GNU system.
|
||
* operating-system Reference:: Detail of operating-system declarations.
|
||
* File Systems:: Configuring file system mounts.
|
||
* Mapped Devices:: Block device extra processing.
|
||
* User Accounts:: Specifying user accounts.
|
||
* Locales:: Language and cultural convention settings.
|
||
* Services:: Specifying system services.
|
||
* Setuid Programs:: Programs running with root privileges.
|
||
* X.509 Certificates:: Authenticating HTTPS servers.
|
||
* Name Service Switch:: Configuring libc's name service switch.
|
||
* Initial RAM Disk:: Linux-Libre bootstrapping.
|
||
* GRUB Configuration:: Configuring the boot loader.
|
||
* Invoking guix system:: Instantiating a system configuration.
|
||
* Running GuixSD in a VM:: How to run GuixSD in a virtual machine.
|
||
* Defining Services:: Adding new service definitions.
|
||
|
||
Services
|
||
|
||
* Base Services:: Essential system services.
|
||
* Scheduled Job Execution:: The mcron service.
|
||
* Networking Services:: Network setup, SSH daemon, etc.
|
||
* X Window:: Graphical display.
|
||
* Desktop Services:: D-Bus and desktop services.
|
||
* Database Services:: SQL databases.
|
||
* Mail Services:: IMAP, POP3, SMTP, and all that.
|
||
* Web Services:: Web servers.
|
||
* Various Services:: Other services.
|
||
|
||
Defining Services
|
||
|
||
* Service Composition:: The model for composing services.
|
||
* Service Types and Services:: Types and services.
|
||
* Service Reference:: API reference.
|
||
* Shepherd Services:: A particular type of service.
|
||
|
||
Packaging Guidelines
|
||
|
||
* Software Freedom:: What may go into the distribution.
|
||
* Package Naming:: What's in a name?
|
||
* Version Numbers:: When the name is not enough.
|
||
* Synopses and Descriptions:: Helping users find the right package.
|
||
* Python Modules:: Taming the snake.
|
||
* Perl Modules:: Little pearls.
|
||
* Java Packages:: Coffee break.
|
||
* Fonts:: Fond of fonts.
|
||
|
||
Contributing
|
||
|
||
* Building from Git:: The latest and greatest.
|
||
* Running Guix Before It Is Installed:: Hacker tricks.
|
||
* The Perfect Setup:: The right tools.
|
||
* Coding Style:: Hygiene of the contributor.
|
||
* Submitting Patches:: Share your work.
|
||
|
||
Coding Style
|
||
|
||
* Programming Paradigm:: How to compose your elements.
|
||
* Modules:: Where to store your code?
|
||
* Data Types and Pattern Matching:: Implementing data structures.
|
||
* Formatting Code:: Writing conventions.
|
||
|
||
@end detailmenu
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@node Introduction
|
||
@chapter Introduction
|
||
|
||
@cindex purpose
|
||
GNU Guix@footnote{``Guix'' is pronounced like ``geeks'', or ``ɡiːks''
|
||
using the international phonetic alphabet (IPA).} is a package
|
||
management tool for the GNU system. Guix makes it easy for unprivileged
|
||
users to install, upgrade, or remove packages, to roll back to a
|
||
previous package set, to build packages from source, and generally
|
||
assists with the creation and maintenance of software environments.
|
||
|
||
@cindex user interfaces
|
||
Guix provides a command-line package management interface
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix package}), a set of command-line utilities
|
||
(@pxref{Utilities}), a visual user interface in Emacs (@pxref{Emacs
|
||
Interface}), as well as Scheme programming interfaces
|
||
(@pxref{Programming Interface}).
|
||
@cindex build daemon
|
||
Its @dfn{build daemon} is responsible for building packages on behalf of
|
||
users (@pxref{Setting Up the Daemon}) and for downloading pre-built
|
||
binaries from authorized sources (@pxref{Substitutes}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex extensibility of the distribution
|
||
@cindex customization of packages
|
||
Guix includes package definitions for many GNU and non-GNU packages, all
|
||
of which @uref{https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html, respect the
|
||
user's computing freedom}. It is @emph{extensible}: users can write
|
||
their own package definitions (@pxref{Defining Packages}) and make them
|
||
available as independent package modules (@pxref{Package Modules}). It
|
||
is also @emph{customizable}: users can @emph{derive} specialized package
|
||
definitions from existing ones, including from the command line
|
||
(@pxref{Package Transformation Options}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex Guix System Distribution
|
||
@cindex GuixSD
|
||
You can install GNU@tie{}Guix on top of an existing GNU/Linux system
|
||
where it complements the available tools without interference
|
||
(@pxref{Installation}), or you can use it as part of the standalone
|
||
@dfn{Guix System Distribution} or GuixSD (@pxref{GNU Distribution}).
|
||
With GNU@tie{}GuixSD, you @emph{declare} all aspects of the operating
|
||
system configuration and Guix takes care of instantiating the
|
||
configuration in a transactional, reproducible, and stateless fashion
|
||
(@pxref{System Configuration}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex functional package management
|
||
Under the hood, Guix implements the @dfn{functional package management}
|
||
discipline pioneered by Nix (@pxref{Acknowledgments}).
|
||
In Guix, the package build and installation process is seen
|
||
as a @emph{function}, in the mathematical sense. That function takes inputs,
|
||
such as build scripts, a compiler, and libraries, and
|
||
returns an installed package. As a pure function, its result depends
|
||
solely on its inputs---for instance, it cannot refer to software or
|
||
scripts that were not explicitly passed as inputs. A build function
|
||
always produces the same result when passed a given set of inputs. It
|
||
cannot alter the environment of the running system in
|
||
any way; for instance, it cannot create, modify, or delete files outside
|
||
of its build and installation directories. This is achieved by running
|
||
build processes in isolated environments (or @dfn{containers}), where only their
|
||
explicit inputs are visible.
|
||
|
||
@cindex store
|
||
The result of package build functions is @dfn{cached} in the file
|
||
system, in a special directory called @dfn{the store} (@pxref{The
|
||
Store}). Each package is installed in a directory of its own in the
|
||
store---by default under @file{/gnu/store}. The directory name contains
|
||
a hash of all the inputs used to build that package; thus, changing an
|
||
input yields a different directory name.
|
||
|
||
This approach is the foundation for the salient features of Guix: support
|
||
for transactional package upgrade and rollback, per-user installation, and
|
||
garbage collection of packages (@pxref{Features}).
|
||
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@node Installation
|
||
@chapter Installation
|
||
|
||
GNU Guix is available for download from its website at
|
||
@url{http://www.gnu.org/software/guix/}. This section describes the
|
||
software requirements of Guix, as well as how to install it and get
|
||
ready to use it.
|
||
|
||
Note that this section is concerned with the installation of the package
|
||
manager, which can be done on top of a running GNU/Linux system. If,
|
||
instead, you want to install the complete GNU operating system,
|
||
@pxref{System Installation}.
|
||
|
||
@cindex foreign distro
|
||
When installed on a running GNU/Linux system---thereafter called a
|
||
@dfn{foreign distro}---GNU@tie{}Guix complements the available tools
|
||
without interference. Its data lives exclusively in two directories,
|
||
usually @file{/gnu/store} and @file{/var/guix}; other files on your
|
||
system, such as @file{/etc}, are left untouched.
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Binary Installation:: Getting Guix running in no time!
|
||
* Requirements:: Software needed to build and run Guix.
|
||
* Running the Test Suite:: Testing Guix.
|
||
* Setting Up the Daemon:: Preparing the build daemon's environment.
|
||
* Invoking guix-daemon:: Running the build daemon.
|
||
* Application Setup:: Application-specific setup.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Binary Installation
|
||
@section Binary Installation
|
||
|
||
This section describes how to install Guix on an arbitrary system from a
|
||
self-contained tarball providing binaries for Guix and for all its
|
||
dependencies. This is often quicker than installing from source, which
|
||
is described in the next sections. The only requirement is to have
|
||
GNU@tie{}tar and Xz.
|
||
|
||
Installing goes along these lines:
|
||
|
||
@enumerate
|
||
@item
|
||
Download the binary tarball from
|
||
@indicateurl{ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/guix/guix-binary-@value{VERSION}.@var{system}.tar.xz},
|
||
where @var{system} is @code{x86_64-linux} for an @code{x86_64} machine
|
||
already running the kernel Linux, and so on.
|
||
|
||
@c The following is somewhat duplicated in ``System Installation''.
|
||
Make sure to download the associated @file{.sig} file and to verify the
|
||
authenticity of the tarball against it, along these lines:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ wget ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/guix/guix-binary-@value{VERSION}.@var{system}.tar.xz.sig
|
||
$ gpg --verify guix-binary-@value{VERSION}.@var{system}.tar.xz.sig
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
If that command fails because you do not have the required public key,
|
||
then run this command to import it:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --recv-keys @value{OPENPGP-SIGNING-KEY-ID}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
and rerun the @code{gpg --verify} command.
|
||
@c end authentication part
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
As @code{root}, run:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# cd /tmp
|
||
# tar --warning=no-timestamp -xf \
|
||
guix-binary-@value{VERSION}.@var{system}.tar.xz
|
||
# mv var/guix /var/ && mv gnu /
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This creates @file{/gnu/store} (@pxref{The Store}) and @file{/var/guix}.
|
||
The latter contains a ready-to-use profile for @code{root} (see next
|
||
step.)
|
||
|
||
Do @emph{not} unpack the tarball on a working Guix system since that
|
||
would overwrite its own essential files.
|
||
|
||
The @code{--warning=no-timestamp} option makes sure GNU@tie{}tar does
|
||
not emit warnings about ``implausibly old time stamps'' (such
|
||
warnings were triggered by GNU@tie{}tar 1.26 and older; recent
|
||
versions are fine.)
|
||
They stem from the fact that all the
|
||
files in the archive have their modification time set to zero (which
|
||
means January 1st, 1970.) This is done on purpose to make sure the
|
||
archive content is independent of its creation time, thus making it
|
||
reproducible.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Make @code{root}'s profile available under @file{~/.guix-profile}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# ln -sf /var/guix/profiles/per-user/root/guix-profile \
|
||
~root/.guix-profile
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Create the group and user accounts for build users as explained below
|
||
(@pxref{Build Environment Setup}).
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Run the daemon, and set it to automatically start on boot.
|
||
|
||
If your host distro uses the systemd init system, this can be achieved
|
||
with these commands:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# cp ~root/.guix-profile/lib/systemd/system/guix-daemon.service \
|
||
/etc/systemd/system/
|
||
# systemctl start guix-daemon && systemctl enable guix-daemon
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
If your host distro uses the Upstart init system:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# cp ~root/.guix-profile/lib/upstart/system/guix-daemon.conf /etc/init/
|
||
# start guix-daemon
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Otherwise, you can still start the daemon manually with:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# ~root/.guix-profile/bin/guix-daemon --build-users-group=guixbuild
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Make the @command{guix} command available to other users on the machine,
|
||
for instance with:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# mkdir -p /usr/local/bin
|
||
# cd /usr/local/bin
|
||
# ln -s /var/guix/profiles/per-user/root/guix-profile/bin/guix
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
It is also a good idea to make the Info version of this manual available
|
||
there:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# mkdir -p /usr/local/share/info
|
||
# cd /usr/local/share/info
|
||
# for i in /var/guix/profiles/per-user/root/guix-profile/share/info/* ;
|
||
do ln -s $i ; done
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
That way, assuming @file{/usr/local/share/info} is in the search path,
|
||
running @command{info guix} will open this manual (@pxref{Other Info
|
||
Directories,,, texinfo, GNU Texinfo}, for more details on changing the
|
||
Info search path.)
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
To use substitutes from @code{hydra.gnu.org} or one of its mirrors
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}), authorize them:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# guix archive --authorize < ~root/.guix-profile/share/guix/hydra.gnu.org.pub
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end enumerate
|
||
|
||
This completes root-level install of Guix. Each user will need to
|
||
perform additional steps to make their Guix envionment ready for use,
|
||
@pxref{Application Setup}.
|
||
|
||
You can confirm that Guix is working by installing a sample package into
|
||
the root profile:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# guix package -i hello
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The @code{guix} package must remain available in @code{root}'s profile,
|
||
or it would become subject to garbage collection---in which case you
|
||
would find yourself badly handicapped by the lack of the @command{guix}
|
||
command. In other words, do not remove @code{guix} by running
|
||
@code{guix package -r guix}.
|
||
|
||
The binary installation tarball can be (re)produced and verified simply
|
||
by running the following command in the Guix source tree:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
make guix-binary.@var{system}.tar.xz
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Requirements
|
||
@section Requirements
|
||
|
||
This section lists requirements when building Guix from source. The
|
||
build procedure for Guix is the same as for other GNU software, and is
|
||
not covered here. Please see the files @file{README} and @file{INSTALL}
|
||
in the Guix source tree for additional details.
|
||
|
||
GNU Guix depends on the following packages:
|
||
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item @url{http://gnu.org/software/guile/, GNU Guile}, version 2.0.7 or later;
|
||
@item @url{http://gnupg.org/, GNU libgcrypt};
|
||
@item @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/make/, GNU Make}.
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
The following dependencies are optional:
|
||
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item
|
||
Installing @uref{http://gnutls.org/, GnuTLS-Guile} will allow you to
|
||
access @code{https} URLs for substitutes, which is highly recommended
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}). It also allows you to access HTTPS URLs with the
|
||
@command{guix download} command (@pxref{Invoking guix download}), the
|
||
@command{guix import pypi} command, and the @command{guix import cpan}
|
||
command. @xref{Guile Preparations, how to install the GnuTLS bindings
|
||
for Guile,, gnutls-guile, GnuTLS-Guile}.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Installing
|
||
@url{http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/guile-json/, Guile-JSON} will
|
||
allow you to use the @command{guix import pypi} command (@pxref{Invoking
|
||
guix import}). It is of
|
||
interest primarily for developers and not for casual users.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
When @url{http://zlib.net, zlib} is available, @command{guix publish}
|
||
can compress build byproducts (@pxref{Invoking guix publish}).
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
Unless @code{--disable-daemon} was passed to @command{configure}, the
|
||
following packages are also needed:
|
||
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item @url{http://sqlite.org, SQLite 3};
|
||
@item @url{http://www.bzip.org, libbz2};
|
||
@item @url{http://gcc.gnu.org, GCC's g++}, with support for the
|
||
C++11 standard.
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
When configuring Guix on a system that already has a Guix installation,
|
||
be sure to specify the same state directory as the existing installation
|
||
using the @code{--localstatedir} option of the @command{configure}
|
||
script (@pxref{Directory Variables, @code{localstatedir},, standards,
|
||
GNU Coding Standards}). The @command{configure} script protects against
|
||
unintended misconfiguration of @var{localstatedir} so you do not
|
||
inadvertently corrupt your store (@pxref{The Store}).
|
||
|
||
When a working installation of @url{http://nixos.org/nix/, the Nix package
|
||
manager} is available, you
|
||
can instead configure Guix with @code{--disable-daemon}. In that case,
|
||
Nix replaces the three dependencies above.
|
||
|
||
Guix is compatible with Nix, so it is possible to share the same store
|
||
between both. To do so, you must pass @command{configure} not only the
|
||
same @code{--with-store-dir} value, but also the same
|
||
@code{--localstatedir} value. The latter is essential because it
|
||
specifies where the database that stores metadata about the store is
|
||
located, among other things. The default values for Nix are
|
||
@code{--with-store-dir=/nix/store} and @code{--localstatedir=/nix/var}.
|
||
Note that @code{--disable-daemon} is not required if
|
||
your goal is to share the store with Nix.
|
||
|
||
@node Running the Test Suite
|
||
@section Running the Test Suite
|
||
|
||
After a successful @command{configure} and @code{make} run, it is a good
|
||
idea to run the test suite. It can help catch issues with the setup or
|
||
environment, or bugs in Guix itself---and really, reporting test
|
||
failures is a good way to help improve the software. To run the test
|
||
suite, type:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
make check
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Test cases can run in parallel: you can use the @code{-j} option of
|
||
GNU@tie{}make to speed things up. The first run may take a few minutes
|
||
on a recent machine; subsequent runs will be faster because the store
|
||
that is created for test purposes will already have various things in
|
||
cache.
|
||
|
||
It is also possible to run a subset of the tests by defining the
|
||
@code{TESTS} makefile variable as in this example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
make check TESTS="tests/store.scm tests/cpio.scm"
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
By default, tests results are displayed at a file level. In order to
|
||
see the details of every individual test cases, it is possible to define
|
||
the @code{SCM_LOG_DRIVER_FLAGS} makefile variable as in this example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
make check TESTS="tests/base64.scm" SCM_LOG_DRIVER_FLAGS="--brief=no"
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Upon failure, please email @email{bug-guix@@gnu.org} and attach the
|
||
@file{test-suite.log} file. Please specify the Guix version being used
|
||
as well as version numbers of the dependencies (@pxref{Requirements}) in
|
||
your message.
|
||
|
||
Guix also comes with a whole-system test suite that tests complete
|
||
GuixSD operating system instances. It can only run on systems where
|
||
Guix is already installed, using:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
make check-system
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
or, again, by defining @code{TESTS} to select a subset of tests to run:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
make check-system TESTS="basic mcron"
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
These system tests are defined in the @code{(gnu tests @dots{})}
|
||
modules. They work by running the operating systems under test with
|
||
lightweight instrumentation in a virtual machine (VM). They can be
|
||
computationally intensive or rather cheap, depending on whether
|
||
substitutes are available for their dependencies (@pxref{Substitutes}).
|
||
Some of them require a lot of storage space to hold VM images.
|
||
|
||
Again in case of test failures, please send @email{bug-guix@@gnu.org}
|
||
all the details.
|
||
|
||
@node Setting Up the Daemon
|
||
@section Setting Up the Daemon
|
||
|
||
@cindex daemon
|
||
Operations such as building a package or running the garbage collector
|
||
are all performed by a specialized process, the @dfn{build daemon}, on
|
||
behalf of clients. Only the daemon may access the store and its
|
||
associated database. Thus, any operation that manipulates the store
|
||
goes through the daemon. For instance, command-line tools such as
|
||
@command{guix package} and @command{guix build} communicate with the
|
||
daemon (@i{via} remote procedure calls) to instruct it what to do.
|
||
|
||
The following sections explain how to prepare the build daemon's
|
||
environment. See also @ref{Substitutes}, for information on how to allow
|
||
the daemon to download pre-built binaries.
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Build Environment Setup:: Preparing the isolated build environment.
|
||
* Daemon Offload Setup:: Offloading builds to remote machines.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Build Environment Setup
|
||
@subsection Build Environment Setup
|
||
|
||
In a standard multi-user setup, Guix and its daemon---the
|
||
@command{guix-daemon} program---are installed by the system
|
||
administrator; @file{/gnu/store} is owned by @code{root} and
|
||
@command{guix-daemon} runs as @code{root}. Unprivileged users may use
|
||
Guix tools to build packages or otherwise access the store, and the
|
||
daemon will do it on their behalf, ensuring that the store is kept in a
|
||
consistent state, and allowing built packages to be shared among users.
|
||
|
||
@cindex build users
|
||
When @command{guix-daemon} runs as @code{root}, you may not want package
|
||
build processes themselves to run as @code{root} too, for obvious
|
||
security reasons. To avoid that, a special pool of @dfn{build users}
|
||
should be created for use by build processes started by the daemon.
|
||
These build users need not have a shell and a home directory: they will
|
||
just be used when the daemon drops @code{root} privileges in build
|
||
processes. Having several such users allows the daemon to launch
|
||
distinct build processes under separate UIDs, which guarantees that they
|
||
do not interfere with each other---an essential feature since builds are
|
||
regarded as pure functions (@pxref{Introduction}).
|
||
|
||
On a GNU/Linux system, a build user pool may be created like this (using
|
||
Bash syntax and the @code{shadow} commands):
|
||
|
||
@c See http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-guix/2013-01/msg00239.html
|
||
@c for why `-G' is needed.
|
||
@example
|
||
# groupadd --system guixbuild
|
||
# for i in `seq -w 1 10`;
|
||
do
|
||
useradd -g guixbuild -G guixbuild \
|
||
-d /var/empty -s `which nologin` \
|
||
-c "Guix build user $i" --system \
|
||
guixbuilder$i;
|
||
done
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
The number of build users determines how many build jobs may run in
|
||
parallel, as specified by the @option{--max-jobs} option
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix-daemon, @option{--max-jobs}}). To use
|
||
@command{guix system vm} and related commands, you may need to add the
|
||
build users to the @code{kvm} group so they can access @file{/dev/kvm},
|
||
using @code{-G guixbuild,kvm} instead of @code{-G guixbuild}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix system}).
|
||
|
||
The @code{guix-daemon} program may then be run as @code{root} with the
|
||
following command@footnote{If your machine uses the systemd init system,
|
||
dropping the @file{@var{prefix}/lib/systemd/system/guix-daemon.service}
|
||
file in @file{/etc/systemd/system} will ensure that
|
||
@command{guix-daemon} is automatically started. Similarly, if your
|
||
machine uses the Upstart init system, drop the
|
||
@file{@var{prefix}/lib/upstart/system/guix-daemon.conf}
|
||
file in @file{/etc/init}.}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# guix-daemon --build-users-group=guixbuild
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@cindex chroot
|
||
@noindent
|
||
This way, the daemon starts build processes in a chroot, under one of
|
||
the @code{guixbuilder} users. On GNU/Linux, by default, the chroot
|
||
environment contains nothing but:
|
||
|
||
@c Keep this list in sync with libstore/build.cc! -----------------------
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item
|
||
a minimal @code{/dev} directory, created mostly independently from the
|
||
host @code{/dev}@footnote{``Mostly'', because while the set of files
|
||
that appear in the chroot's @code{/dev} is fixed, most of these files
|
||
can only be created if the host has them.};
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
the @code{/proc} directory; it only shows the processes of the container
|
||
since a separate PID name space is used;
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
@file{/etc/passwd} with an entry for the current user and an entry for
|
||
user @file{nobody};
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
@file{/etc/group} with an entry for the user's group;
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
@file{/etc/hosts} with an entry that maps @code{localhost} to
|
||
@code{127.0.0.1};
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
a writable @file{/tmp} directory.
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
You can influence the directory where the daemon stores build trees
|
||
@i{via} the @code{TMPDIR} environment variable. However, the build tree
|
||
within the chroot is always called @file{/tmp/guix-build-@var{name}.drv-0},
|
||
where @var{name} is the derivation name---e.g., @code{coreutils-8.24}.
|
||
This way, the value of @code{TMPDIR} does not leak inside build
|
||
environments, which avoids discrepancies in cases where build processes
|
||
capture the name of their build tree.
|
||
|
||
@vindex http_proxy
|
||
The daemon also honors the @code{http_proxy} environment variable for
|
||
HTTP downloads it performs, be it for fixed-output derivations
|
||
(@pxref{Derivations}) or for substitutes (@pxref{Substitutes}).
|
||
|
||
If you are installing Guix as an unprivileged user, it is still possible
|
||
to run @command{guix-daemon} provided you pass @code{--disable-chroot}.
|
||
However, build processes will not be isolated from one another, and not
|
||
from the rest of the system. Thus, build processes may interfere with
|
||
each other, and may access programs, libraries, and other files
|
||
available on the system---making it much harder to view them as
|
||
@emph{pure} functions.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Daemon Offload Setup
|
||
@subsection Using the Offload Facility
|
||
|
||
@cindex offloading
|
||
@cindex build hook
|
||
When desired, the build daemon can @dfn{offload}
|
||
derivation builds to other machines
|
||
running Guix, using the @code{offload} @dfn{build hook}. When that
|
||
feature is enabled, a list of user-specified build machines is read from
|
||
@file{/etc/guix/machines.scm}; every time a build is requested, for
|
||
instance via @code{guix build}, the daemon attempts to offload it to one
|
||
of the machines that satisfy the constraints of the derivation, in
|
||
particular its system type---e.g., @file{x86_64-linux}. Missing
|
||
prerequisites for the build are copied over SSH to the target machine,
|
||
which then proceeds with the build; upon success the output(s) of the
|
||
build are copied back to the initial machine.
|
||
|
||
The @file{/etc/guix/machines.scm} file typically looks like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(list (build-machine
|
||
(name "eightysix.example.org")
|
||
(system "x86_64-linux")
|
||
(user "bob")
|
||
(speed 2.)) ; incredibly fast!
|
||
|
||
(build-machine
|
||
(name "meeps.example.org")
|
||
(system "mips64el-linux")
|
||
(user "alice")
|
||
(private-key
|
||
(string-append (getenv "HOME")
|
||
"/.lsh/identity-for-guix"))))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
In the example above we specify a list of two build machines, one for
|
||
the @code{x86_64} architecture and one for the @code{mips64el}
|
||
architecture.
|
||
|
||
In fact, this file is---not surprisingly!---a Scheme file that is
|
||
evaluated when the @code{offload} hook is started. Its return value
|
||
must be a list of @code{build-machine} objects. While this example
|
||
shows a fixed list of build machines, one could imagine, say, using
|
||
DNS-SD to return a list of potential build machines discovered in the
|
||
local network (@pxref{Introduction, Guile-Avahi,, guile-avahi, Using
|
||
Avahi in Guile Scheme Programs}). The @code{build-machine} data type is
|
||
detailed below.
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} build-machine
|
||
This data type represents build machines to which the daemon may offload
|
||
builds. The important fields are:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item name
|
||
The host name of the remote machine.
|
||
|
||
@item system
|
||
The system type of the remote machine---e.g., @code{"x86_64-linux"}.
|
||
|
||
@item user
|
||
The user account to use when connecting to the remote machine over SSH.
|
||
Note that the SSH key pair must @emph{not} be passphrase-protected, to
|
||
allow non-interactive logins.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
A number of optional fields may be specified:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item port
|
||
Port number of SSH server on the machine (default: 22).
|
||
|
||
@item private-key
|
||
The SSH private key file to use when connecting to the machine.
|
||
|
||
Currently offloading uses GNU@tie{}lsh as its SSH client
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking lsh,,, GNU lsh Manual}). Thus, the key file here must
|
||
be an lsh key file. This may change in the future, though.
|
||
|
||
@item parallel-builds
|
||
The number of builds that may run in parallel on the machine (1 by
|
||
default.)
|
||
|
||
@item speed
|
||
A ``relative speed factor''. The offload scheduler will tend to prefer
|
||
machines with a higher speed factor.
|
||
|
||
@item features
|
||
A list of strings denoting specific features supported by the machine.
|
||
An example is @code{"kvm"} for machines that have the KVM Linux modules
|
||
and corresponding hardware support. Derivations can request features by
|
||
name, and they will be scheduled on matching build machines.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
The @code{guix} command must be in the search path on the build
|
||
machines, since offloading works by invoking the @code{guix archive} and
|
||
@code{guix build} commands. In addition, the Guix modules must be in
|
||
@code{$GUILE_LOAD_PATH} on the build machine---you can check whether
|
||
this is the case by running:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
lsh build-machine guile -c "'(use-modules (guix config))'"
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
There is one last thing to do once @file{machines.scm} is in place. As
|
||
explained above, when offloading, files are transferred back and forth
|
||
between the machine stores. For this to work, you first need to
|
||
generate a key pair on each machine to allow the daemon to export signed
|
||
archives of files from the store (@pxref{Invoking guix archive}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# guix archive --generate-key
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
Each build machine must authorize the key of the master machine so that
|
||
it accepts store items it receives from the master:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# guix archive --authorize < master-public-key.txt
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
Likewise, the master machine must authorize the key of each build machine.
|
||
|
||
All the fuss with keys is here to express pairwise mutual trust
|
||
relations between the master and the build machines. Concretely, when
|
||
the master receives files from a build machine (and @i{vice versa}), its
|
||
build daemon can make sure they are genuine, have not been tampered
|
||
with, and that they are signed by an authorized key.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix-daemon
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix-daemon}
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix-daemon} program implements all the functionality to
|
||
access the store. This includes launching build processes, running the
|
||
garbage collector, querying the availability of a build result, etc. It
|
||
is normally run as @code{root} like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# guix-daemon --build-users-group=guixbuild
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
For details on how to set it up, @pxref{Setting Up the Daemon}.
|
||
|
||
@cindex chroot
|
||
@cindex container, build environment
|
||
@cindex build environment
|
||
@cindex reproducible builds
|
||
By default, @command{guix-daemon} launches build processes under
|
||
different UIDs, taken from the build group specified with
|
||
@code{--build-users-group}. In addition, each build process is run in a
|
||
chroot environment that only contains the subset of the store that the
|
||
build process depends on, as specified by its derivation
|
||
(@pxref{Programming Interface, derivation}), plus a set of specific
|
||
system directories. By default, the latter contains @file{/dev} and
|
||
@file{/dev/pts}. Furthermore, on GNU/Linux, the build environment is a
|
||
@dfn{container}: in addition to having its own file system tree, it has
|
||
a separate mount name space, its own PID name space, network name space,
|
||
etc. This helps achieve reproducible builds (@pxref{Features}).
|
||
|
||
When the daemon performs a build on behalf of the user, it creates a
|
||
build directory under @file{/tmp} or under the directory specified by
|
||
its @code{TMPDIR} environment variable; this directory is shared with
|
||
the container for the duration of the build. Be aware that using a
|
||
directory other than @file{/tmp} can affect build results---for example,
|
||
with a longer directory name, a build process that uses Unix-domain
|
||
sockets might hit the name length limitation for @code{sun_path}, which
|
||
it would otherwise not hit.
|
||
|
||
The build directory is automatically deleted upon completion, unless the
|
||
build failed and the client specified @option{--keep-failed}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix build, @option{--keep-failed}}).
|
||
|
||
The following command-line options are supported:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --build-users-group=@var{group}
|
||
Take users from @var{group} to run build processes (@pxref{Setting Up
|
||
the Daemon, build users}).
|
||
|
||
@item --no-substitutes
|
||
@cindex substitutes
|
||
Do not use substitutes for build products. That is, always build things
|
||
locally instead of allowing downloads of pre-built binaries
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}).
|
||
|
||
By default substitutes are used, unless the client---such as the
|
||
@command{guix package} command---is explicitly invoked with
|
||
@code{--no-substitutes}.
|
||
|
||
When the daemon runs with @code{--no-substitutes}, clients can still
|
||
explicitly enable substitution @i{via} the @code{set-build-options}
|
||
remote procedure call (@pxref{The Store}).
|
||
|
||
@item --substitute-urls=@var{urls}
|
||
@anchor{daemon-substitute-urls}
|
||
Consider @var{urls} the default whitespace-separated list of substitute
|
||
source URLs. When this option is omitted,
|
||
@indicateurl{https://mirror.hydra.gnu.org https://hydra.gnu.org} is used
|
||
(@code{mirror.hydra.gnu.org} is a mirror of @code{hydra.gnu.org}).
|
||
|
||
This means that substitutes may be downloaded from @var{urls}, as long
|
||
as they are signed by a trusted signature (@pxref{Substitutes}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex build hook
|
||
@item --no-build-hook
|
||
Do not use the @dfn{build hook}.
|
||
|
||
The build hook is a helper program that the daemon can start and to
|
||
which it submits build requests. This mechanism is used to offload
|
||
builds to other machines (@pxref{Daemon Offload Setup}).
|
||
|
||
@item --cache-failures
|
||
Cache build failures. By default, only successful builds are cached.
|
||
|
||
When this option is used, @command{guix gc --list-failures} can be used
|
||
to query the set of store items marked as failed; @command{guix gc
|
||
--clear-failures} removes store items from the set of cached failures.
|
||
@xref{Invoking guix gc}.
|
||
|
||
@item --cores=@var{n}
|
||
@itemx -c @var{n}
|
||
Use @var{n} CPU cores to build each derivation; @code{0} means as many
|
||
as available.
|
||
|
||
The default value is @code{0}, but it may be overridden by clients, such
|
||
as the @code{--cores} option of @command{guix build} (@pxref{Invoking
|
||
guix build}).
|
||
|
||
The effect is to define the @code{NIX_BUILD_CORES} environment variable
|
||
in the build process, which can then use it to exploit internal
|
||
parallelism---for instance, by running @code{make -j$NIX_BUILD_CORES}.
|
||
|
||
@item --max-jobs=@var{n}
|
||
@itemx -M @var{n}
|
||
Allow at most @var{n} build jobs in parallel. The default value is
|
||
@code{1}. Setting it to @code{0} means that no builds will be performed
|
||
locally; instead, the daemon will offload builds (@pxref{Daemon Offload
|
||
Setup}), or simply fail.
|
||
|
||
@item --rounds=@var{N}
|
||
Build each derivation @var{n} times in a row, and raise an error if
|
||
consecutive build results are not bit-for-bit identical. Note that this
|
||
setting can be overridden by clients such as @command{guix build}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix build}).
|
||
|
||
When used in conjunction with @option{--keep-failed}, the differing
|
||
output is kept in the store, under @file{/gnu/store/@dots{}-check}.
|
||
This makes it easy to look for differences between the two results.
|
||
|
||
@item --debug
|
||
Produce debugging output.
|
||
|
||
This is useful to debug daemon start-up issues, but then it may be
|
||
overridden by clients, for example the @code{--verbosity} option of
|
||
@command{guix build} (@pxref{Invoking guix build}).
|
||
|
||
@item --chroot-directory=@var{dir}
|
||
Add @var{dir} to the build chroot.
|
||
|
||
Doing this may change the result of build processes---for instance if
|
||
they use optional dependencies found in @var{dir} when it is available,
|
||
and not otherwise. For that reason, it is not recommended to do so.
|
||
Instead, make sure that each derivation declares all the inputs that it
|
||
needs.
|
||
|
||
@item --disable-chroot
|
||
Disable chroot builds.
|
||
|
||
Using this option is not recommended since, again, it would allow build
|
||
processes to gain access to undeclared dependencies. It is necessary,
|
||
though, when @command{guix-daemon} is running under an unprivileged user
|
||
account.
|
||
|
||
@item --disable-log-compression
|
||
Disable compression of the build logs.
|
||
|
||
Unless @code{--lose-logs} is used, all the build logs are kept in the
|
||
@var{localstatedir}. To save space, the daemon automatically compresses
|
||
them with bzip2 by default. This option disables that.
|
||
|
||
@item --disable-deduplication
|
||
@cindex deduplication
|
||
Disable automatic file ``deduplication'' in the store.
|
||
|
||
By default, files added to the store are automatically ``deduplicated'':
|
||
if a newly added file is identical to another one found in the store,
|
||
the daemon makes the new file a hard link to the other file. This can
|
||
noticeably reduce disk usage, at the expense of slightly increased
|
||
input/output load at the end of a build process. This option disables
|
||
this optimization.
|
||
|
||
@item --gc-keep-outputs[=yes|no]
|
||
Tell whether the garbage collector (GC) must keep outputs of live
|
||
derivations.
|
||
|
||
When set to ``yes'', the GC will keep the outputs of any live derivation
|
||
available in the store---the @code{.drv} files. The default is ``no'',
|
||
meaning that derivation outputs are kept only if they are GC roots.
|
||
|
||
@item --gc-keep-derivations[=yes|no]
|
||
Tell whether the garbage collector (GC) must keep derivations
|
||
corresponding to live outputs.
|
||
|
||
When set to ``yes'', as is the case by default, the GC keeps
|
||
derivations---i.e., @code{.drv} files---as long as at least one of their
|
||
outputs is live. This allows users to keep track of the origins of
|
||
items in their store. Setting it to ``no'' saves a bit of disk space.
|
||
|
||
Note that when both @code{--gc-keep-derivations} and
|
||
@code{--gc-keep-outputs} are used, the effect is to keep all the build
|
||
prerequisites (the sources, compiler, libraries, and other build-time
|
||
tools) of live objects in the store, regardless of whether these
|
||
prerequisites are live. This is convenient for developers since it
|
||
saves rebuilds or downloads.
|
||
|
||
@item --impersonate-linux-2.6
|
||
On Linux-based systems, impersonate Linux 2.6. This means that the
|
||
kernel's @code{uname} system call will report 2.6 as the release number.
|
||
|
||
This might be helpful to build programs that (usually wrongfully) depend
|
||
on the kernel version number.
|
||
|
||
@item --lose-logs
|
||
Do not keep build logs. By default they are kept under
|
||
@code{@var{localstatedir}/guix/log}.
|
||
|
||
@item --system=@var{system}
|
||
Assume @var{system} as the current system type. By default it is the
|
||
architecture/kernel pair found at configure time, such as
|
||
@code{x86_64-linux}.
|
||
|
||
@item --listen=@var{socket}
|
||
Listen for connections on @var{socket}, the file name of a Unix-domain
|
||
socket. The default socket is
|
||
@file{@var{localstatedir}/daemon-socket/socket}. This option is only
|
||
useful in exceptional circumstances, such as if you need to run several
|
||
daemons on the same machine.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Application Setup
|
||
@section Application Setup
|
||
|
||
@cindex foreign distro
|
||
When using Guix on top of GNU/Linux distribution other than GuixSD---a
|
||
so-called @dfn{foreign distro}---a few additional steps are needed to
|
||
get everything in place. Here are some of them.
|
||
|
||
@subsection Locales
|
||
|
||
@anchor{locales-and-locpath}
|
||
@cindex locales, when not on GuixSD
|
||
@vindex LOCPATH
|
||
@vindex GUIX_LOCPATH
|
||
Packages installed @i{via} Guix will not use the locale data of the
|
||
host system. Instead, you must first install one of the locale packages
|
||
available with Guix and then define the @code{GUIX_LOCPATH} environment
|
||
variable:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix package -i glibc-locales
|
||
$ export GUIX_LOCPATH=$HOME/.guix-profile/lib/locale
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Note that the @code{glibc-locales} package contains data for all the
|
||
locales supported by the GNU@tie{}libc and weighs in at around
|
||
110@tie{}MiB. Alternatively, the @code{glibc-utf8-locales} is smaller but
|
||
limited to a few UTF-8 locales.
|
||
|
||
The @code{GUIX_LOCPATH} variable plays a role similar to @code{LOCPATH}
|
||
(@pxref{Locale Names, @code{LOCPATH},, libc, The GNU C Library Reference
|
||
Manual}). There are two important differences though:
|
||
|
||
@enumerate
|
||
@item
|
||
@code{GUIX_LOCPATH} is honored only by the libc in Guix, and not by the libc
|
||
provided by foreign distros. Thus, using @code{GUIX_LOCPATH} allows you
|
||
to make sure the programs of the foreign distro will not end up loading
|
||
incompatible locale data.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
libc suffixes each entry of @code{GUIX_LOCPATH} with @code{/X.Y}, where
|
||
@code{X.Y} is the libc version---e.g., @code{2.22}. This means that,
|
||
should your Guix profile contain a mixture of programs linked against
|
||
different libc version, each libc version will only try to load locale
|
||
data in the right format.
|
||
@end enumerate
|
||
|
||
This is important because the locale data format used by different libc
|
||
versions may be incompatible.
|
||
|
||
@subsection X11 Fonts
|
||
|
||
The majority of graphical applications use Fontconfig to locate and
|
||
load fonts and perform X11-client-side rendering. The @code{fontconfig}
|
||
package in Guix looks for fonts in @file{$HOME/.guix-profile}
|
||
by default. Thus, to allow graphical applications installed with Guix
|
||
to display fonts, you have to install fonts with Guix as well.
|
||
Essential font packages include @code{gs-fonts}, @code{font-dejavu}, and
|
||
@code{font-gnu-freefont-ttf}.
|
||
|
||
To display text written in Chinese languages, Japanese, or Korean in
|
||
graphical applications, consider installing
|
||
@code{font-adobe-source-han-sans} or @code{font-wqy-zenhei}. The former
|
||
has multiple outputs, one per language family (@pxref{Packages with
|
||
Multiple Outputs}). For instance, the following command installs fonts
|
||
for Chinese languages:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix package -i font-adobe-source-han-sans:cn
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Older programs such as @command{xterm} do not use Fontconfig and instead
|
||
rely on server-side font rendering. Such programs require to specify a
|
||
full name of a font using XLFD (X Logical Font Description), like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
-*-dejavu sans-medium-r-normal-*-*-100-*-*-*-*-*-1
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
To be able to use such full names for the TrueType fonts installed in
|
||
your Guix profile, you need to extend the font path of the X server:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
xset +fp ~/.guix-profile/share/fonts/truetype
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
After that, you can run @code{xlsfonts} (from @code{xlsfonts} package)
|
||
to make sure your TrueType fonts are listed there.
|
||
|
||
@subsection X.509 Certificates
|
||
|
||
The @code{nss-certs} package provides X.509 certificates, which allow
|
||
programs to authenticate Web servers accessed over HTTPS.
|
||
|
||
When using Guix on a foreign distro, you can install this package and
|
||
define the relevant environment variables so that packages know where to
|
||
look for certificates. @xref{X.509 Certificates}, for detailed
|
||
information.
|
||
|
||
@subsection Emacs Packages
|
||
|
||
When you install Emacs packages with Guix, the elisp files may be placed
|
||
either in @file{$HOME/.guix-profile/share/emacs/site-lisp/} or in
|
||
sub-directories of
|
||
@file{$HOME/.guix-profile/share/emacs/site-lisp/guix.d/}. The latter
|
||
directory exists because potentially there may exist thousands of Emacs
|
||
packages and storing all their files in a single directory may be not
|
||
reliable (because of name conflicts). So we think using a separate
|
||
directory for each package is a good idea. It is very similar to how
|
||
the Emacs package system organizes the file structure (@pxref{Package
|
||
Files,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
|
||
|
||
By default, Emacs (installed with Guix) ``knows'' where these packages
|
||
are placed, so you do not need to perform any configuration. If, for
|
||
some reason, you want to avoid auto-loading Emacs packages installed
|
||
with Guix, you can do so by running Emacs with @code{--no-site-file}
|
||
option (@pxref{Init File,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
|
||
|
||
@c TODO What else?
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@node Package Management
|
||
@chapter Package Management
|
||
|
||
The purpose of GNU Guix is to allow users to easily install, upgrade, and
|
||
remove software packages, without having to know about their build
|
||
procedures or dependencies. Guix also goes beyond this obvious set of
|
||
features.
|
||
|
||
This chapter describes the main features of Guix, as well as the package
|
||
management tools it provides. Two user interfaces are provided for
|
||
routine package management tasks: A command-line interface described below
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix package, @code{guix package}}), as well as a visual user
|
||
interface in Emacs described in a subsequent chapter (@pxref{Emacs Interface}).
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Features:: How Guix will make your life brighter.
|
||
* Invoking guix package:: Package installation, removal, etc.
|
||
* Substitutes:: Downloading pre-built binaries.
|
||
* Packages with Multiple Outputs:: Single source package, multiple outputs.
|
||
* Invoking guix gc:: Running the garbage collector.
|
||
* Invoking guix pull:: Fetching the latest Guix and distribution.
|
||
* Invoking guix archive:: Exporting and importing store files.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Features
|
||
@section Features
|
||
|
||
When using Guix, each package ends up in the @dfn{package store}, in its
|
||
own directory---something that resembles
|
||
@file{/gnu/store/xxx-package-1.2}, where @code{xxx} is a base32 string
|
||
(note that Guix comes with an Emacs extension to shorten those file
|
||
names, @pxref{Emacs Prettify}.)
|
||
|
||
Instead of referring to these directories, users have their own
|
||
@dfn{profile}, which points to the packages that they actually want to
|
||
use. These profiles are stored within each user's home directory, at
|
||
@code{$HOME/.guix-profile}.
|
||
|
||
For example, @code{alice} installs GCC 4.7.2. As a result,
|
||
@file{/home/alice/.guix-profile/bin/gcc} points to
|
||
@file{/gnu/store/@dots{}-gcc-4.7.2/bin/gcc}. Now, on the same machine,
|
||
@code{bob} had already installed GCC 4.8.0. The profile of @code{bob}
|
||
simply continues to point to
|
||
@file{/gnu/store/@dots{}-gcc-4.8.0/bin/gcc}---i.e., both versions of GCC
|
||
coexist on the same system without any interference.
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix package} command is the central tool to manage
|
||
packages (@pxref{Invoking guix package}). It operates on the per-user
|
||
profiles, and can be used @emph{with normal user privileges}.
|
||
|
||
The command provides the obvious install, remove, and upgrade
|
||
operations. Each invocation is actually a @emph{transaction}: either
|
||
the specified operation succeeds, or nothing happens. Thus, if the
|
||
@command{guix package} process is terminated during the transaction,
|
||
or if a power outage occurs during the transaction, then the user's
|
||
profile remains in its previous state, and remains usable.
|
||
|
||
In addition, any package transaction may be @emph{rolled back}. So, if,
|
||
for example, an upgrade installs a new version of a package that turns
|
||
out to have a serious bug, users may roll back to the previous instance
|
||
of their profile, which was known to work well. Similarly, the global
|
||
system configuration on GuixSD is subject to
|
||
transactional upgrades and roll-back
|
||
(@pxref{Using the Configuration System}).
|
||
|
||
All packages in the package store may be @emph{garbage-collected}.
|
||
Guix can determine which packages are still referenced by user
|
||
profiles, and remove those that are provably no longer referenced
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix gc}). Users may also explicitly remove old
|
||
generations of their profile so that the packages they refer to can be
|
||
collected.
|
||
|
||
@cindex reproducibility
|
||
@cindex reproducible builds
|
||
Finally, Guix takes a @dfn{purely functional} approach to package
|
||
management, as described in the introduction (@pxref{Introduction}).
|
||
Each @file{/gnu/store} package directory name contains a hash of all the
|
||
inputs that were used to build that package---compiler, libraries, build
|
||
scripts, etc. This direct correspondence allows users to make sure a
|
||
given package installation matches the current state of their
|
||
distribution. It also helps maximize @dfn{build reproducibility}:
|
||
thanks to the isolated build environments that are used, a given build
|
||
is likely to yield bit-identical files when performed on different
|
||
machines (@pxref{Invoking guix-daemon, container}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex substitutes
|
||
This foundation allows Guix to support @dfn{transparent binary/source
|
||
deployment}. When a pre-built binary for a @file{/gnu/store} item is
|
||
available from an external source---a @dfn{substitute}, Guix just
|
||
downloads it and unpacks it;
|
||
otherwise, it builds the package from source, locally
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}). Because build results are usually bit-for-bit
|
||
reproducible, users do not have to trust servers that provide
|
||
substitutes: they can force a local build and @emph{challenge} providers
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix challenge}).
|
||
|
||
Control over the build environment is a feature that is also useful for
|
||
developers. The @command{guix environment} command allows developers of
|
||
a package to quickly set up the right development environment for their
|
||
package, without having to manually install the dependencies of the
|
||
package into their profile (@pxref{Invoking guix environment}).
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix package
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix package}
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix package} command is the tool that allows users to
|
||
install, upgrade, and remove packages, as well as rolling back to
|
||
previous configurations. It operates only on the user's own profile,
|
||
and works with normal user privileges (@pxref{Features}). Its syntax
|
||
is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix package @var{options}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Primarily, @var{options} specifies the operations to be performed during
|
||
the transaction. Upon completion, a new profile is created, but
|
||
previous @dfn{generations} of the profile remain available, should the user
|
||
want to roll back.
|
||
|
||
For example, to remove @code{lua} and install @code{guile} and
|
||
@code{guile-cairo} in a single transaction:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix package -r lua -i guile guile-cairo
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@command{guix package} also supports a @dfn{declarative approach}
|
||
whereby the user specifies the exact set of packages to be available and
|
||
passes it @i{via} the @option{--manifest} option
|
||
(@pxref{profile-manifest, @option{--manifest}}).
|
||
|
||
For each user, a symlink to the user's default profile is automatically
|
||
created in @file{$HOME/.guix-profile}. This symlink always points to the
|
||
current generation of the user's default profile. Thus, users can add
|
||
@file{$HOME/.guix-profile/bin} to their @code{PATH} environment
|
||
variable, and so on.
|
||
@cindex search paths
|
||
If you are not using the Guix System Distribution, consider adding the
|
||
following lines to your @file{~/.bash_profile} (@pxref{Bash Startup
|
||
Files,,, bash, The GNU Bash Reference Manual}) so that newly-spawned
|
||
shells get all the right environment variable definitions:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
GUIX_PROFILE="$HOME/.guix-profile" \
|
||
source "$HOME/.guix-profile/etc/profile"
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
In a multi-user setup, user profiles are stored in a place registered as
|
||
a @dfn{garbage-collector root}, which @file{$HOME/.guix-profile} points
|
||
to (@pxref{Invoking guix gc}). That directory is normally
|
||
@code{@var{localstatedir}/profiles/per-user/@var{user}}, where
|
||
@var{localstatedir} is the value passed to @code{configure} as
|
||
@code{--localstatedir}, and @var{user} is the user name. The
|
||
@file{per-user} directory is created when @command{guix-daemon} is
|
||
started, and the @var{user} sub-directory is created by @command{guix
|
||
package}.
|
||
|
||
The @var{options} can be among the following:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item --install=@var{package} @dots{}
|
||
@itemx -i @var{package} @dots{}
|
||
Install the specified @var{package}s.
|
||
|
||
Each @var{package} may specify either a simple package name, such as
|
||
@code{guile}, or a package name followed by an at-sign and version number,
|
||
such as @code{guile@@1.8.8} or simply @code{guile@@1.8} (in the latter
|
||
case, the newest version prefixed by @code{1.8} is selected.)
|
||
|
||
If no version number is specified, the
|
||
newest available version will be selected. In addition, @var{package}
|
||
may contain a colon, followed by the name of one of the outputs of the
|
||
package, as in @code{gcc:doc} or @code{binutils@@2.22:lib}
|
||
(@pxref{Packages with Multiple Outputs}). Packages with a corresponding
|
||
name (and optionally version) are searched for among the GNU
|
||
distribution modules (@pxref{Package Modules}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex propagated inputs
|
||
Sometimes packages have @dfn{propagated inputs}: these are dependencies
|
||
that automatically get installed along with the required package
|
||
(@pxref{package-propagated-inputs, @code{propagated-inputs} in
|
||
@code{package} objects}, for information about propagated inputs in
|
||
package definitions).
|
||
|
||
@anchor{package-cmd-propagated-inputs}
|
||
An example is the GNU MPC library: its C header files refer to those of
|
||
the GNU MPFR library, which in turn refer to those of the GMP library.
|
||
Thus, when installing MPC, the MPFR and GMP libraries also get installed
|
||
in the profile; removing MPC also removes MPFR and GMP---unless they had
|
||
also been explicitly installed by the user.
|
||
|
||
Besides, packages sometimes rely on the definition of environment
|
||
variables for their search paths (see explanation of
|
||
@code{--search-paths} below). Any missing or possibly incorrect
|
||
environment variable definitions are reported here.
|
||
|
||
@item --install-from-expression=@var{exp}
|
||
@itemx -e @var{exp}
|
||
Install the package @var{exp} evaluates to.
|
||
|
||
@var{exp} must be a Scheme expression that evaluates to a
|
||
@code{<package>} object. This option is notably useful to disambiguate
|
||
between same-named variants of a package, with expressions such as
|
||
@code{(@@ (gnu packages base) guile-final)}.
|
||
|
||
Note that this option installs the first output of the specified
|
||
package, which may be insufficient when needing a specific output of a
|
||
multiple-output package.
|
||
|
||
@item --install-from-file=@var{file}
|
||
@itemx -f @var{file}
|
||
Install the package that the code within @var{file} evaluates to.
|
||
|
||
As an example, @var{file} might contain a definition like this
|
||
(@pxref{Defining Packages}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
@verbatiminclude package-hello.scm
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Developers may find it useful to include such a @file{guix.scm} file
|
||
in the root of their project source tree that can be used to test
|
||
development snapshots and create reproducible development environments
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix environment}).
|
||
|
||
@item --remove=@var{package} @dots{}
|
||
@itemx -r @var{package} @dots{}
|
||
Remove the specified @var{package}s.
|
||
|
||
As for @code{--install}, each @var{package} may specify a version number
|
||
and/or output name in addition to the package name. For instance,
|
||
@code{-r glibc:debug} would remove the @code{debug} output of
|
||
@code{glibc}.
|
||
|
||
@item --upgrade[=@var{regexp} @dots{}]
|
||
@itemx -u [@var{regexp} @dots{}]
|
||
Upgrade all the installed packages. If one or more @var{regexp}s are
|
||
specified, upgrade only installed packages whose name matches a
|
||
@var{regexp}. Also see the @code{--do-not-upgrade} option below.
|
||
|
||
Note that this upgrades package to the latest version of packages found
|
||
in the distribution currently installed. To update your distribution,
|
||
you should regularly run @command{guix pull} (@pxref{Invoking guix
|
||
pull}).
|
||
|
||
@item --do-not-upgrade[=@var{regexp} @dots{}]
|
||
When used together with the @code{--upgrade} option, do @emph{not}
|
||
upgrade any packages whose name matches a @var{regexp}. For example, to
|
||
upgrade all packages in the current profile except those containing the
|
||
substring ``emacs'':
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix package --upgrade . --do-not-upgrade emacs
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item @anchor{profile-manifest}--manifest=@var{file}
|
||
@itemx -m @var{file}
|
||
@cindex profile declaration
|
||
@cindex profile manifest
|
||
Create a new generation of the profile from the manifest object
|
||
returned by the Scheme code in @var{file}.
|
||
|
||
This allows you to @emph{declare} the profile's contents rather than
|
||
constructing it through a sequence of @code{--install} and similar
|
||
commands. The advantage is that @var{file} can be put under version
|
||
control, copied to different machines to reproduce the same profile, and
|
||
so on.
|
||
|
||
@c FIXME: Add reference to (guix profile) documentation when available.
|
||
@var{file} must return a @dfn{manifest} object, which is roughly a list
|
||
of packages:
|
||
|
||
@findex packages->manifest
|
||
@example
|
||
(use-package-modules guile emacs)
|
||
|
||
(packages->manifest
|
||
(list emacs
|
||
guile-2.0
|
||
;; Use a specific package output.
|
||
(list guile-2.0 "debug")))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item --roll-back
|
||
Roll back to the previous @dfn{generation} of the profile---i.e., undo
|
||
the last transaction.
|
||
|
||
When combined with options such as @code{--install}, roll back occurs
|
||
before any other actions.
|
||
|
||
When rolling back from the first generation that actually contains
|
||
installed packages, the profile is made to point to the @dfn{zeroth
|
||
generation}, which contains no files apart from its own metadata.
|
||
|
||
After having rolled back, installing, removing, or upgrading packages
|
||
overwrites previous future generations. Thus, the history of the
|
||
generations in a profile is always linear.
|
||
|
||
@item --switch-generation=@var{pattern}
|
||
@itemx -S @var{pattern}
|
||
Switch to a particular generation defined by @var{pattern}.
|
||
|
||
@var{pattern} may be either a generation number or a number prefixed
|
||
with ``+'' or ``-''. The latter means: move forward/backward by a
|
||
specified number of generations. For example, if you want to return to
|
||
the latest generation after @code{--roll-back}, use
|
||
@code{--switch-generation=+1}.
|
||
|
||
The difference between @code{--roll-back} and
|
||
@code{--switch-generation=-1} is that @code{--switch-generation} will
|
||
not make a zeroth generation, so if a specified generation does not
|
||
exist, the current generation will not be changed.
|
||
|
||
@item --search-paths[=@var{kind}]
|
||
@cindex search paths
|
||
Report environment variable definitions, in Bash syntax, that may be
|
||
needed in order to use the set of installed packages. These environment
|
||
variables are used to specify @dfn{search paths} for files used by some
|
||
of the installed packages.
|
||
|
||
For example, GCC needs the @code{CPATH} and @code{LIBRARY_PATH}
|
||
environment variables to be defined so it can look for headers and
|
||
libraries in the user's profile (@pxref{Environment Variables,,, gcc,
|
||
Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)}). If GCC and, say, the C
|
||
library are installed in the profile, then @code{--search-paths} will
|
||
suggest setting these variables to @code{@var{profile}/include} and
|
||
@code{@var{profile}/lib}, respectively.
|
||
|
||
The typical use case is to define these environment variables in the
|
||
shell:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ eval `guix package --search-paths`
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@var{kind} may be one of @code{exact}, @code{prefix}, or @code{suffix},
|
||
meaning that the returned environment variable definitions will either
|
||
be exact settings, or prefixes or suffixes of the current value of these
|
||
variables. When omitted, @var{kind} defaults to @code{exact}.
|
||
|
||
This option can also be used to compute the @emph{combined} search paths
|
||
of several profiles. Consider this example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix package -p foo -i guile
|
||
$ guix package -p bar -i guile-json
|
||
$ guix package -p foo -p bar --search-paths
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The last command above reports about the @code{GUILE_LOAD_PATH}
|
||
variable, even though, taken individually, neither @file{foo} nor
|
||
@file{bar} would lead to that recommendation.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@item --profile=@var{profile}
|
||
@itemx -p @var{profile}
|
||
Use @var{profile} instead of the user's default profile.
|
||
|
||
@item --verbose
|
||
Produce verbose output. In particular, emit the build log of the
|
||
environment on the standard error port.
|
||
|
||
@item --bootstrap
|
||
Use the bootstrap Guile to build the profile. This option is only
|
||
useful to distribution developers.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
In addition to these actions, @command{guix package} supports the
|
||
following options to query the current state of a profile, or the
|
||
availability of packages:
|
||
|
||
@table @option
|
||
|
||
@item --search=@var{regexp}
|
||
@itemx -s @var{regexp}
|
||
@cindex searching for packages
|
||
List the available packages whose name, synopsis, or description matches
|
||
@var{regexp}. Print all the metadata of matching packages in
|
||
@code{recutils} format (@pxref{Top, GNU recutils databases,, recutils,
|
||
GNU recutils manual}).
|
||
|
||
This allows specific fields to be extracted using the @command{recsel}
|
||
command, for instance:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix package -s malloc | recsel -p name,version
|
||
name: glibc
|
||
version: 2.17
|
||
|
||
name: libgc
|
||
version: 7.2alpha6
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Similarly, to show the name of all the packages available under the
|
||
terms of the GNU@tie{}LGPL version 3:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix package -s "" | recsel -p name -e 'license ~ "LGPL 3"'
|
||
name: elfutils
|
||
|
||
name: gmp
|
||
@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
It is also possible to refine search results using several @code{-s}
|
||
flags. For example, the following command returns a list of board
|
||
games:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix package -s '\<board\>' -s game | recsel -p name
|
||
name: gnubg
|
||
@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
If we were to omit @code{-s game}, we would also get software packages
|
||
that deal with printed circuit boards; removing the angle brackets
|
||
around @code{board} would further add packages that have to do with
|
||
keyboards.
|
||
|
||
And now for a more elaborate example. The following command searches
|
||
for cryptographic libraries, filters out Haskell, Perl, Python, and Ruby
|
||
libraries, and prints the name and synopsis of the matching packages:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix package -s crypto -s library | \
|
||
recsel -e '! (name ~ "^(ghc|perl|python|ruby)")' -p name,synopsis
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
@xref{Selection Expressions,,, recutils, GNU recutils manual}, for more
|
||
information on @dfn{selection expressions} for @code{recsel -e}.
|
||
|
||
@item --show=@var{package}
|
||
Show details about @var{package}, taken from the list of available packages, in
|
||
@code{recutils} format (@pxref{Top, GNU recutils databases,, recutils, GNU
|
||
recutils manual}).
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix package --show=python | recsel -p name,version
|
||
name: python
|
||
version: 2.7.6
|
||
|
||
name: python
|
||
version: 3.3.5
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
You may also specify the full name of a package to only get details about a
|
||
specific version of it:
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix package --show=python-3.3.5 | recsel -p name,version
|
||
name: python
|
||
version: 3.3.5
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
@item --list-installed[=@var{regexp}]
|
||
@itemx -I [@var{regexp}]
|
||
List the currently installed packages in the specified profile, with the
|
||
most recently installed packages shown last. When @var{regexp} is
|
||
specified, list only installed packages whose name matches @var{regexp}.
|
||
|
||
For each installed package, print the following items, separated by
|
||
tabs: the package name, its version string, the part of the package that
|
||
is installed (for instance, @code{out} for the default output,
|
||
@code{include} for its headers, etc.), and the path of this package in
|
||
the store.
|
||
|
||
@item --list-available[=@var{regexp}]
|
||
@itemx -A [@var{regexp}]
|
||
List packages currently available in the distribution for this system
|
||
(@pxref{GNU Distribution}). When @var{regexp} is specified, list only
|
||
installed packages whose name matches @var{regexp}.
|
||
|
||
For each package, print the following items separated by tabs: its name,
|
||
its version string, the parts of the package (@pxref{Packages with
|
||
Multiple Outputs}), and the source location of its definition.
|
||
|
||
@item --list-generations[=@var{pattern}]
|
||
@itemx -l [@var{pattern}]
|
||
Return a list of generations along with their creation dates; for each
|
||
generation, show the installed packages, with the most recently
|
||
installed packages shown last. Note that the zeroth generation is never
|
||
shown.
|
||
|
||
For each installed package, print the following items, separated by
|
||
tabs: the name of a package, its version string, the part of the package
|
||
that is installed (@pxref{Packages with Multiple Outputs}), and the
|
||
location of this package in the store.
|
||
|
||
When @var{pattern} is used, the command returns only matching
|
||
generations. Valid patterns include:
|
||
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item @emph{Integers and comma-separated integers}. Both patterns denote
|
||
generation numbers. For instance, @code{--list-generations=1} returns
|
||
the first one.
|
||
|
||
And @code{--list-generations=1,8,2} outputs three generations in the
|
||
specified order. Neither spaces nor trailing commas are allowed.
|
||
|
||
@item @emph{Ranges}. @code{--list-generations=2..9} prints the
|
||
specified generations and everything in between. Note that the start of
|
||
a range must be smaller than its end.
|
||
|
||
It is also possible to omit the endpoint. For example,
|
||
@code{--list-generations=2..}, returns all generations starting from the
|
||
second one.
|
||
|
||
@item @emph{Durations}. You can also get the last @emph{N}@tie{}days, weeks,
|
||
or months by passing an integer along with the first letter of the
|
||
duration. For example, @code{--list-generations=20d} lists generations
|
||
that are up to 20 days old.
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
@item --delete-generations[=@var{pattern}]
|
||
@itemx -d [@var{pattern}]
|
||
When @var{pattern} is omitted, delete all generations except the current
|
||
one.
|
||
|
||
This command accepts the same patterns as @option{--list-generations}.
|
||
When @var{pattern} is specified, delete the matching generations. When
|
||
@var{pattern} specifies a duration, generations @emph{older} than the
|
||
specified duration match. For instance, @code{--delete-generations=1m}
|
||
deletes generations that are more than one month old.
|
||
|
||
If the current generation matches, it is @emph{not} deleted. Also, the
|
||
zeroth generation is never deleted.
|
||
|
||
Note that deleting generations prevents rolling back to them.
|
||
Consequently, this command must be used with care.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
Finally, since @command{guix package} may actually start build
|
||
processes, it supports all the common build options (@pxref{Common Build
|
||
Options}). It also supports package transformation options, such as
|
||
@option{--with-source} (@pxref{Package Transformation Options}).
|
||
However, note that package transformations are lost when upgrading; to
|
||
preserve transformations across upgrades, you should define your own
|
||
package variant in a Guile module and add it to @code{GUIX_PACKAGE_PATH}
|
||
(@pxref{Defining Packages}).
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Substitutes
|
||
@section Substitutes
|
||
|
||
@cindex substitutes
|
||
@cindex pre-built binaries
|
||
Guix supports transparent source/binary deployment, which means that it
|
||
can either build things locally, or download pre-built items from a
|
||
server. We call these pre-built items @dfn{substitutes}---they are
|
||
substitutes for local build results. In many cases, downloading a
|
||
substitute is much faster than building things locally.
|
||
|
||
Substitutes can be anything resulting from a derivation build
|
||
(@pxref{Derivations}). Of course, in the common case, they are
|
||
pre-built package binaries, but source tarballs, for instance, which
|
||
also result from derivation builds, can be available as substitutes.
|
||
|
||
The @code{hydra.gnu.org} server is a front-end to a build farm that
|
||
builds packages from the GNU distribution continuously for some
|
||
architectures, and makes them available as substitutes (@pxref{Emacs
|
||
Hydra}, for information on how to query the continuous integration
|
||
server). This is the
|
||
default source of substitutes; it can be overridden by passing the
|
||
@option{--substitute-urls} option either to @command{guix-daemon}
|
||
(@pxref{daemon-substitute-urls,, @code{guix-daemon --substitute-urls}})
|
||
or to client tools such as @command{guix package}
|
||
(@pxref{client-substitute-urls,, client @option{--substitute-urls}
|
||
option}).
|
||
|
||
Substitute URLs can be either HTTP or HTTPS@footnote{For HTTPS access,
|
||
the Guile bindings of GnuTLS must be installed. @xref{Requirements}.}
|
||
HTTPS is recommended because communications are encrypted; conversely,
|
||
using HTTP makes all communications visible to an eavesdropper, who
|
||
could use the information gathered to determine, for instance, whether
|
||
your system has unpatched security vulnerabilities.
|
||
|
||
@cindex security
|
||
@cindex digital signatures
|
||
To allow Guix to download substitutes from @code{hydra.gnu.org} or a
|
||
mirror thereof, you
|
||
must add its public key to the access control list (ACL) of archive
|
||
imports, using the @command{guix archive} command (@pxref{Invoking guix
|
||
archive}). Doing so implies that you trust @code{hydra.gnu.org} to not
|
||
be compromised and to serve genuine substitutes.
|
||
|
||
This public key is installed along with Guix, in
|
||
@code{@var{prefix}/share/guix/hydra.gnu.org.pub}, where @var{prefix} is
|
||
the installation prefix of Guix. If you installed Guix from source,
|
||
make sure you checked the GPG signature of
|
||
@file{guix-@value{VERSION}.tar.gz}, which contains this public key file.
|
||
Then, you can run something like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# guix archive --authorize < hydra.gnu.org.pub
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Once this is in place, the output of a command like @code{guix build}
|
||
should change from something like:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix build emacs --dry-run
|
||
The following derivations would be built:
|
||
/gnu/store/yr7bnx8xwcayd6j95r2clmkdl1qh688w-emacs-24.3.drv
|
||
/gnu/store/x8qsh1hlhgjx6cwsjyvybnfv2i37z23w-dbus-1.6.4.tar.gz.drv
|
||
/gnu/store/1ixwp12fl950d15h2cj11c73733jay0z-alsa-lib-1.0.27.1.tar.bz2.drv
|
||
/gnu/store/nlma1pw0p603fpfiqy7kn4zm105r5dmw-util-linux-2.21.drv
|
||
@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
to something like:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix build emacs --dry-run
|
||
The following files would be downloaded:
|
||
/gnu/store/pk3n22lbq6ydamyymqkkz7i69wiwjiwi-emacs-24.3
|
||
/gnu/store/2ygn4ncnhrpr61rssa6z0d9x22si0va3-libjpeg-8d
|
||
/gnu/store/71yz6lgx4dazma9dwn2mcjxaah9w77jq-cairo-1.12.16
|
||
/gnu/store/7zdhgp0n1518lvfn8mb96sxqfmvqrl7v-libxrender-0.9.7
|
||
@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
This indicates that substitutes from @code{hydra.gnu.org} are usable and
|
||
will be downloaded, when possible, for future builds.
|
||
|
||
Guix ignores substitutes that are not signed, or that are not signed by
|
||
one of the keys listed in the ACL. It also detects and raises an error
|
||
when attempting to use a substitute that has been tampered with.
|
||
|
||
@vindex http_proxy
|
||
Substitutes are downloaded over HTTP or HTTPS.
|
||
The @code{http_proxy} environment
|
||
variable can be set in the environment of @command{guix-daemon} and is
|
||
honored for downloads of substitutes. Note that the value of
|
||
@code{http_proxy} in the environment where @command{guix build},
|
||
@command{guix package}, and other client commands are run has
|
||
@emph{absolutely no effect}.
|
||
|
||
When using HTTPS, the server's X.509 certificate is @emph{not} validated
|
||
(in other words, the server is not authenticated), contrary to what
|
||
HTTPS clients such as Web browsers usually do. This is because Guix
|
||
authenticates substitute information itself, as explained above, which
|
||
is what we care about (whereas X.509 certificates are about
|
||
authenticating bindings between domain names and public keys.)
|
||
|
||
The substitute mechanism can be disabled globally by running
|
||
@code{guix-daemon} with @code{--no-substitutes} (@pxref{Invoking
|
||
guix-daemon}). It can also be disabled temporarily by passing the
|
||
@code{--no-substitutes} option to @command{guix package}, @command{guix
|
||
build}, and other command-line tools.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@unnumberedsubsec On Trusting Binaries
|
||
|
||
Today, each individual's control over their own computing is at the
|
||
mercy of institutions, corporations, and groups with enough power and
|
||
determination to subvert the computing infrastructure and exploit its
|
||
weaknesses. While using @code{hydra.gnu.org} substitutes can be
|
||
convenient, we encourage users to also build on their own, or even run
|
||
their own build farm, such that @code{hydra.gnu.org} is less of an
|
||
interesting target. One way to help is by publishing the software you
|
||
build using @command{guix publish} so that others have one more choice
|
||
of server to download substitutes from (@pxref{Invoking guix publish}).
|
||
|
||
Guix has the foundations to maximize build reproducibility
|
||
(@pxref{Features}). In most cases, independent builds of a given
|
||
package or derivation should yield bit-identical results. Thus, through
|
||
a diverse set of independent package builds, we can strengthen the
|
||
integrity of our systems. The @command{guix challenge} command aims to
|
||
help users assess substitute servers, and to assist developers in
|
||
finding out about non-deterministic package builds (@pxref{Invoking guix
|
||
challenge}). Similarly, the @option{--check} option of @command{guix
|
||
build} allows users to check whether previously-installed substitutes
|
||
are genuine by rebuilding them locally (@pxref{build-check,
|
||
@command{guix build --check}}).
|
||
|
||
In the future, we want Guix to have support to publish and retrieve
|
||
binaries to/from other users, in a peer-to-peer fashion. If you would
|
||
like to discuss this project, join us on @email{guix-devel@@gnu.org}.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Packages with Multiple Outputs
|
||
@section Packages with Multiple Outputs
|
||
|
||
@cindex multiple-output packages
|
||
@cindex package outputs
|
||
|
||
Often, packages defined in Guix have a single @dfn{output}---i.e., the
|
||
source package leads to exactly one directory in the store. When running
|
||
@command{guix package -i glibc}, one installs the default output of the
|
||
GNU libc package; the default output is called @code{out}, but its name
|
||
can be omitted as shown in this command. In this particular case, the
|
||
default output of @code{glibc} contains all the C header files, shared
|
||
libraries, static libraries, Info documentation, and other supporting
|
||
files.
|
||
|
||
Sometimes it is more appropriate to separate the various types of files
|
||
produced from a single source package into separate outputs. For
|
||
instance, the GLib C library (used by GTK+ and related packages)
|
||
installs more than 20 MiB of reference documentation as HTML pages.
|
||
To save space for users who do not need it, the documentation goes to a
|
||
separate output, called @code{doc}. To install the main GLib output,
|
||
which contains everything but the documentation, one would run:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix package -i glib
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The command to install its documentation is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix package -i glib:doc
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Some packages install programs with different ``dependency footprints''.
|
||
For instance, the WordNet package installs both command-line tools and
|
||
graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The former depend solely on the C
|
||
library, whereas the latter depend on Tcl/Tk and the underlying X
|
||
libraries. In this case, we leave the command-line tools in the default
|
||
output, whereas the GUIs are in a separate output. This allows users
|
||
who do not need the GUIs to save space. The @command{guix size} command
|
||
can help find out about such situations (@pxref{Invoking guix size}).
|
||
@command{guix graph} can also be helpful (@pxref{Invoking guix graph}).
|
||
|
||
There are several such multiple-output packages in the GNU distribution.
|
||
Other conventional output names include @code{lib} for libraries and
|
||
possibly header files, @code{bin} for stand-alone programs, and
|
||
@code{debug} for debugging information (@pxref{Installing Debugging
|
||
Files}). The outputs of a packages are listed in the third column of
|
||
the output of @command{guix package --list-available} (@pxref{Invoking
|
||
guix package}).
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix gc
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix gc}
|
||
|
||
@cindex garbage collector
|
||
Packages that are installed, but not used, may be @dfn{garbage-collected}.
|
||
The @command{guix gc} command allows users to explicitly run the garbage
|
||
collector to reclaim space from the @file{/gnu/store} directory. It is
|
||
the @emph{only} way to remove files from @file{/gnu/store}---removing
|
||
files or directories manually may break it beyond repair!
|
||
|
||
The garbage collector has a set of known @dfn{roots}: any file under
|
||
@file{/gnu/store} reachable from a root is considered @dfn{live} and
|
||
cannot be deleted; any other file is considered @dfn{dead} and may be
|
||
deleted. The set of garbage collector roots includes default user
|
||
profiles, and may be augmented with @command{guix build --root}, for
|
||
example (@pxref{Invoking guix build}).
|
||
|
||
Prior to running @code{guix gc --collect-garbage} to make space, it is
|
||
often useful to remove old generations from user profiles; that way, old
|
||
package builds referenced by those generations can be reclaimed. This
|
||
is achieved by running @code{guix package --delete-generations}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix package}).
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix gc} command has three modes of operation: it can be
|
||
used to garbage-collect any dead files (the default), to delete specific
|
||
files (the @code{--delete} option), to print garbage-collector
|
||
information, or for more advanced queries. The garbage collection
|
||
options are as follows:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --collect-garbage[=@var{min}]
|
||
@itemx -C [@var{min}]
|
||
Collect garbage---i.e., unreachable @file{/gnu/store} files and
|
||
sub-directories. This is the default operation when no option is
|
||
specified.
|
||
|
||
When @var{min} is given, stop once @var{min} bytes have been collected.
|
||
@var{min} may be a number of bytes, or it may include a unit as a
|
||
suffix, such as @code{MiB} for mebibytes and @code{GB} for gigabytes
|
||
(@pxref{Block size, size specifications,, coreutils, GNU Coreutils}).
|
||
|
||
When @var{min} is omitted, collect all the garbage.
|
||
|
||
@item --free-space=@var{free}
|
||
@itemx -F @var{free}
|
||
Collect garbage until @var{free} space is available under
|
||
@file{/gnu/store}, if possible; @var{free} denotes storage space, such
|
||
as @code{500MiB}, as described above.
|
||
|
||
When @var{free} or more is already available in @file{/gnu/store}, do
|
||
nothing and exit immediately.
|
||
|
||
@item --delete
|
||
@itemx -d
|
||
Attempt to delete all the store files and directories specified as
|
||
arguments. This fails if some of the files are not in the store, or if
|
||
they are still live.
|
||
|
||
@item --list-failures
|
||
List store items corresponding to cached build failures.
|
||
|
||
This prints nothing unless the daemon was started with
|
||
@option{--cache-failures} (@pxref{Invoking guix-daemon,
|
||
@option{--cache-failures}}).
|
||
|
||
@item --clear-failures
|
||
Remove the specified store items from the failed-build cache.
|
||
|
||
Again, this option only makes sense when the daemon is started with
|
||
@option{--cache-failures}. Otherwise, it does nothing.
|
||
|
||
@item --list-dead
|
||
Show the list of dead files and directories still present in the
|
||
store---i.e., files and directories no longer reachable from any root.
|
||
|
||
@item --list-live
|
||
Show the list of live store files and directories.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
In addition, the references among existing store files can be queried:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item --references
|
||
@itemx --referrers
|
||
List the references (respectively, the referrers) of store files given
|
||
as arguments.
|
||
|
||
@item --requisites
|
||
@itemx -R
|
||
@cindex closure
|
||
List the requisites of the store files passed as arguments. Requisites
|
||
include the store files themselves, their references, and the references
|
||
of these, recursively. In other words, the returned list is the
|
||
@dfn{transitive closure} of the store files.
|
||
|
||
@xref{Invoking guix size}, for a tool to profile the size of the closure
|
||
of an element. @xref{Invoking guix graph}, for a tool to visualize
|
||
the graph of references.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
Lastly, the following options allow you to check the integrity of the
|
||
store and to control disk usage.
|
||
|
||
@table @option
|
||
|
||
@item --verify[=@var{options}]
|
||
@cindex integrity, of the store
|
||
@cindex integrity checking
|
||
Verify the integrity of the store.
|
||
|
||
By default, make sure that all the store items marked as valid in the
|
||
database of the daemon actually exist in @file{/gnu/store}.
|
||
|
||
When provided, @var{options} must be a comma-separated list containing one
|
||
or more of @code{contents} and @code{repair}.
|
||
|
||
When passing @option{--verify=contents}, the daemon computse the
|
||
content hash of each store item and compares it against its hash in the
|
||
database. Hash mismatches are reported as data corruptions. Because it
|
||
traverses @emph{all the files in the store}, this command can take a
|
||
long time, especially on systems with a slow disk drive.
|
||
|
||
@cindex repairing the store
|
||
Using @option{--verify=repair} or @option{--verify=contents,repair}
|
||
causes the daemon to try to repair corrupt store items by fetching
|
||
substitutes for them (@pxref{Substitutes}). Because repairing is not
|
||
atomic, and thus potentially dangerous, it is available only to the
|
||
system administrator.
|
||
|
||
@item --optimize
|
||
@cindex deduplication
|
||
Optimize the store by hard-linking identical files---this is
|
||
@dfn{deduplication}.
|
||
|
||
The daemon performs deduplication after each successful build or archive
|
||
import, unless it was started with @code{--disable-deduplication}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix-daemon, @code{--disable-deduplication}}). Thus,
|
||
this option is primarily useful when the daemon was running with
|
||
@code{--disable-deduplication}.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix pull
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix pull}
|
||
|
||
Packages are installed or upgraded to the latest version available in
|
||
the distribution currently available on your local machine. To update
|
||
that distribution, along with the Guix tools, you must run @command{guix
|
||
pull}: the command downloads the latest Guix source code and package
|
||
descriptions, and deploys it.
|
||
|
||
On completion, @command{guix package} will use packages and package
|
||
versions from this just-retrieved copy of Guix. Not only that, but all
|
||
the Guix commands and Scheme modules will also be taken from that latest
|
||
version. New @command{guix} sub-commands added by the update also
|
||
become available.
|
||
|
||
Any user can update their Guix copy using @command{guix pull}, and the
|
||
effect is limited to the user who run @command{guix pull}. For
|
||
instance, when user @code{root} runs @command{guix pull}, this has no
|
||
effect on the version of Guix that user @code{alice} sees, and vice
|
||
versa@footnote{Under the hood, @command{guix pull} updates the
|
||
@file{~/.config/guix/latest} symbolic link to point to the latest Guix,
|
||
and the @command{guix} command loads code from there.}.
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix pull} command is usually invoked with no arguments,
|
||
but it supports the following options:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --verbose
|
||
Produce verbose output, writing build logs to the standard error output.
|
||
|
||
@item --url=@var{url}
|
||
Download the source tarball of Guix from @var{url}.
|
||
|
||
By default, the tarball is taken from its canonical address at
|
||
@code{gnu.org}, for the stable branch of Guix.
|
||
|
||
@item --bootstrap
|
||
Use the bootstrap Guile to build the latest Guix. This option is only
|
||
useful to Guix developers.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix archive
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix archive}
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix archive} command allows users to @dfn{export} files
|
||
from the store into a single archive, and to later @dfn{import} them.
|
||
In particular, it allows store files to be transferred from one machine
|
||
to the store on another machine.
|
||
|
||
To export store files as an archive to standard output, run:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix archive --export @var{options} @var{specifications}...
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@var{specifications} may be either store file names or package
|
||
specifications, as for @command{guix package} (@pxref{Invoking guix
|
||
package}). For instance, the following command creates an archive
|
||
containing the @code{gui} output of the @code{git} package and the main
|
||
output of @code{emacs}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix archive --export git:gui /gnu/store/...-emacs-24.3 > great.nar
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
If the specified packages are not built yet, @command{guix archive}
|
||
automatically builds them. The build process may be controlled with the
|
||
common build options (@pxref{Common Build Options}).
|
||
|
||
To transfer the @code{emacs} package to a machine connected over SSH,
|
||
one would run:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix archive --export -r emacs | ssh the-machine guix archive --import
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
Similarly, a complete user profile may be transferred from one machine
|
||
to another like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix archive --export -r $(readlink -f ~/.guix-profile) | \
|
||
ssh the-machine guix-archive --import
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
However, note that, in both examples, all of @code{emacs} and the
|
||
profile as well as all of their dependencies are transferred (due to
|
||
@code{-r}), regardless of what is already available in the store on the
|
||
target machine. The @code{--missing} option can help figure out which
|
||
items are missing from the target store.
|
||
|
||
Archives are stored in the ``Nix archive'' or ``Nar'' format, which is
|
||
comparable in spirit to `tar', but with a few noteworthy differences
|
||
that make it more appropriate for our purposes. First, rather than
|
||
recording all Unix metadata for each file, the Nar format only mentions
|
||
the file type (regular, directory, or symbolic link); Unix permissions
|
||
and owner/group are dismissed. Second, the order in which directory
|
||
entries are stored always follows the order of file names according to
|
||
the C locale collation order. This makes archive production fully
|
||
deterministic.
|
||
|
||
When exporting, the daemon digitally signs the contents of the archive,
|
||
and that digital signature is appended. When importing, the daemon
|
||
verifies the signature and rejects the import in case of an invalid
|
||
signature or if the signing key is not authorized.
|
||
@c FIXME: Add xref to daemon doc about signatures.
|
||
|
||
The main options are:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --export
|
||
Export the specified store files or packages (see below.) Write the
|
||
resulting archive to the standard output.
|
||
|
||
Dependencies are @emph{not} included in the output, unless
|
||
@code{--recursive} is passed.
|
||
|
||
@item -r
|
||
@itemx --recursive
|
||
When combined with @code{--export}, this instructs @command{guix
|
||
archive} to include dependencies of the given items in the archive.
|
||
Thus, the resulting archive is self-contained: it contains the closure
|
||
of the exported store items.
|
||
|
||
@item --import
|
||
Read an archive from the standard input, and import the files listed
|
||
therein into the store. Abort if the archive has an invalid digital
|
||
signature, or if it is signed by a public key not among the authorized
|
||
keys (see @code{--authorize} below.)
|
||
|
||
@item --missing
|
||
Read a list of store file names from the standard input, one per line,
|
||
and write on the standard output the subset of these files missing from
|
||
the store.
|
||
|
||
@item --generate-key[=@var{parameters}]
|
||
@cindex signing, archives
|
||
Generate a new key pair for the daemon. This is a prerequisite before
|
||
archives can be exported with @code{--export}. Note that this operation
|
||
usually takes time, because it needs to gather enough entropy to
|
||
generate the key pair.
|
||
|
||
The generated key pair is typically stored under @file{/etc/guix}, in
|
||
@file{signing-key.pub} (public key) and @file{signing-key.sec} (private
|
||
key, which must be kept secret.) When @var{parameters} is omitted,
|
||
an ECDSA key using the Ed25519 curve is generated, or, for Libgcrypt
|
||
versions before 1.6.0, it is a 4096-bit RSA key.
|
||
Alternatively, @var{parameters} can specify
|
||
@code{genkey} parameters suitable for Libgcrypt (@pxref{General
|
||
public-key related Functions, @code{gcry_pk_genkey},, gcrypt, The
|
||
Libgcrypt Reference Manual}).
|
||
|
||
@item --authorize
|
||
@cindex authorizing, archives
|
||
Authorize imports signed by the public key passed on standard input.
|
||
The public key must be in ``s-expression advanced format''---i.e., the
|
||
same format as the @file{signing-key.pub} file.
|
||
|
||
The list of authorized keys is kept in the human-editable file
|
||
@file{/etc/guix/acl}. The file contains
|
||
@url{http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Sexp.txt, ``advanced-format
|
||
s-expressions''} and is structured as an access-control list in the
|
||
@url{http://theworld.com/~cme/spki.txt, Simple Public-Key Infrastructure
|
||
(SPKI)}.
|
||
|
||
@item --extract=@var{directory}
|
||
@itemx -x @var{directory}
|
||
Read a single-item archive as served by substitute servers
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}) and extract it to @var{directory}. This is a
|
||
low-level operation needed in only very narrow use cases; see below.
|
||
|
||
For example, the following command extracts the substitute for Emacs
|
||
served by @code{hydra.gnu.org} to @file{/tmp/emacs}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ wget -O - \
|
||
https://hydra.gnu.org/nar/@dots{}-emacs-24.5 \
|
||
| bunzip2 | guix archive -x /tmp/emacs
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Single-item archives are different from multiple-item archives produced
|
||
by @command{guix archive --export}; they contain a single store item,
|
||
and they do @emph{not} embed a signature. Thus this operation does
|
||
@emph{no} signature verification and its output should be considered
|
||
unsafe.
|
||
|
||
The primary purpose of this operation is to facilitate inspection of
|
||
archive contents coming from possibly untrusted substitute servers.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@include emacs.texi
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@node Programming Interface
|
||
@chapter Programming Interface
|
||
|
||
GNU Guix provides several Scheme programming interfaces (APIs) to
|
||
define, build, and query packages. The first interface allows users to
|
||
write high-level package definitions. These definitions refer to
|
||
familiar packaging concepts, such as the name and version of a package,
|
||
its build system, and its dependencies. These definitions can then be
|
||
turned into concrete build actions.
|
||
|
||
Build actions are performed by the Guix daemon, on behalf of users. In a
|
||
standard setup, the daemon has write access to the store---the
|
||
@file{/gnu/store} directory---whereas users do not. The recommended
|
||
setup also has the daemon perform builds in chroots, under a specific
|
||
build users, to minimize interference with the rest of the system.
|
||
|
||
@cindex derivation
|
||
Lower-level APIs are available to interact with the daemon and the
|
||
store. To instruct the daemon to perform a build action, users actually
|
||
provide it with a @dfn{derivation}. A derivation is a low-level
|
||
representation of the build actions to be taken, and the environment in
|
||
which they should occur---derivations are to package definitions what
|
||
assembly is to C programs. The term ``derivation'' comes from the fact
|
||
that build results @emph{derive} from them.
|
||
|
||
This chapter describes all these APIs in turn, starting from high-level
|
||
package definitions.
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Defining Packages:: Defining new packages.
|
||
* Build Systems:: Specifying how packages are built.
|
||
* The Store:: Manipulating the package store.
|
||
* Derivations:: Low-level interface to package derivations.
|
||
* The Store Monad:: Purely functional interface to the store.
|
||
* G-Expressions:: Manipulating build expressions.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Defining Packages
|
||
@section Defining Packages
|
||
|
||
The high-level interface to package definitions is implemented in the
|
||
@code{(guix packages)} and @code{(guix build-system)} modules. As an
|
||
example, the package definition, or @dfn{recipe}, for the GNU Hello
|
||
package looks like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define-module (gnu packages hello)
|
||
#:use-module (guix packages)
|
||
#:use-module (guix download)
|
||
#:use-module (guix build-system gnu)
|
||
#:use-module (guix licenses)
|
||
#:use-module (gnu packages gawk))
|
||
|
||
(define-public hello
|
||
(package
|
||
(name "hello")
|
||
(version "2.10")
|
||
(source (origin
|
||
(method url-fetch)
|
||
(uri (string-append "mirror://gnu/hello/hello-" version
|
||
".tar.gz"))
|
||
(sha256
|
||
(base32
|
||
"0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i"))))
|
||
(build-system gnu-build-system)
|
||
(arguments '(#:configure-flags '("--enable-silent-rules")))
|
||
(inputs `(("gawk" ,gawk)))
|
||
(synopsis "Hello, GNU world: An example GNU package")
|
||
(description "Guess what GNU Hello prints!")
|
||
(home-page "http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/")
|
||
(license gpl3+)))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
Without being a Scheme expert, the reader may have guessed the meaning
|
||
of the various fields here. This expression binds the variable
|
||
@code{hello} to a @code{<package>} object, which is essentially a record
|
||
(@pxref{SRFI-9, Scheme records,, guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual}).
|
||
This package object can be inspected using procedures found in the
|
||
@code{(guix packages)} module; for instance, @code{(package-name hello)}
|
||
returns---surprise!---@code{"hello"}.
|
||
|
||
With luck, you may be able to import part or all of the definition of
|
||
the package you are interested in from another repository, using the
|
||
@code{guix import} command (@pxref{Invoking guix import}).
|
||
|
||
In the example above, @var{hello} is defined in a module of its own,
|
||
@code{(gnu packages hello)}. Technically, this is not strictly
|
||
necessary, but it is convenient to do so: all the packages defined in
|
||
modules under @code{(gnu packages @dots{})} are automatically known to
|
||
the command-line tools (@pxref{Package Modules}).
|
||
|
||
There are a few points worth noting in the above package definition:
|
||
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item
|
||
The @code{source} field of the package is an @code{<origin>} object
|
||
(@pxref{origin Reference}, for the complete reference).
|
||
Here, the @code{url-fetch} method from @code{(guix download)} is used,
|
||
meaning that the source is a file to be downloaded over FTP or HTTP.
|
||
|
||
The @code{mirror://gnu} prefix instructs @code{url-fetch} to use one of
|
||
the GNU mirrors defined in @code{(guix download)}.
|
||
|
||
The @code{sha256} field specifies the expected SHA256 hash of the file
|
||
being downloaded. It is mandatory, and allows Guix to check the
|
||
integrity of the file. The @code{(base32 @dots{})} form introduces the
|
||
base32 representation of the hash. You can obtain this information with
|
||
@code{guix download} (@pxref{Invoking guix download}) and @code{guix
|
||
hash} (@pxref{Invoking guix hash}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex patches
|
||
When needed, the @code{origin} form can also have a @code{patches} field
|
||
listing patches to be applied, and a @code{snippet} field giving a
|
||
Scheme expression to modify the source code.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
@cindex GNU Build System
|
||
The @code{build-system} field specifies the procedure to build the
|
||
package (@pxref{Build Systems}). Here, @var{gnu-build-system}
|
||
represents the familiar GNU Build System, where packages may be
|
||
configured, built, and installed with the usual @code{./configure &&
|
||
make && make check && make install} command sequence.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
The @code{arguments} field specifies options for the build system
|
||
(@pxref{Build Systems}). Here it is interpreted by
|
||
@var{gnu-build-system} as a request run @file{configure} with the
|
||
@code{--enable-silent-rules} flag.
|
||
|
||
@cindex quote
|
||
@cindex quoting
|
||
@findex '
|
||
@findex quote
|
||
What about these quote (@code{'}) characters? They are Scheme syntax to
|
||
introduce a literal list; @code{'} is synonymous with @code{quote}.
|
||
@xref{Expression Syntax, quoting,, guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual},
|
||
for details. Here the value of the @code{arguments} field is a list of
|
||
arguments passed to the build system down the road, as with @code{apply}
|
||
(@pxref{Fly Evaluation, @code{apply},, guile, GNU Guile Reference
|
||
Manual}).
|
||
|
||
The hash-colon (@code{#:}) sequence defines a Scheme @dfn{keyword}
|
||
(@pxref{Keywords,,, guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual}), and
|
||
@code{#:configure-flags} is a keyword used to pass a keyword argument
|
||
to the build system (@pxref{Coding With Keywords,,, guile, GNU Guile
|
||
Reference Manual}).
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
The @code{inputs} field specifies inputs to the build process---i.e.,
|
||
build-time or run-time dependencies of the package. Here, we define an
|
||
input called @code{"gawk"} whose value is that of the @var{gawk}
|
||
variable; @var{gawk} is itself bound to a @code{<package>} object.
|
||
|
||
@cindex backquote (quasiquote)
|
||
@findex `
|
||
@findex quasiquote
|
||
@cindex comma (unquote)
|
||
@findex ,
|
||
@findex unquote
|
||
@findex ,@@
|
||
@findex unquote-splicing
|
||
Again, @code{`} (a backquote, synonymous with @code{quasiquote}) allows
|
||
us to introduce a literal list in the @code{inputs} field, while
|
||
@code{,} (a comma, synonymous with @code{unquote}) allows us to insert a
|
||
value in that list (@pxref{Expression Syntax, unquote,, guile, GNU Guile
|
||
Reference Manual}).
|
||
|
||
Note that GCC, Coreutils, Bash, and other essential tools do not need to
|
||
be specified as inputs here. Instead, @var{gnu-build-system} takes care
|
||
of ensuring that they are present (@pxref{Build Systems}).
|
||
|
||
However, any other dependencies need to be specified in the
|
||
@code{inputs} field. Any dependency not specified here will simply be
|
||
unavailable to the build process, possibly leading to a build failure.
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
@xref{package Reference}, for a full description of possible fields.
|
||
|
||
Once a package definition is in place, the
|
||
package may actually be built using the @code{guix build} command-line
|
||
tool (@pxref{Invoking guix build}). You can easily jump back to the
|
||
package definition using the @command{guix edit} command
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix edit}).
|
||
@xref{Packaging Guidelines}, for
|
||
more information on how to test package definitions, and
|
||
@ref{Invoking guix lint}, for information on how to check a definition
|
||
for style conformance.
|
||
|
||
Finally, updating the package definition to a new upstream version
|
||
can be partly automated by the @command{guix refresh} command
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix refresh}).
|
||
|
||
Behind the scenes, a derivation corresponding to the @code{<package>}
|
||
object is first computed by the @code{package-derivation} procedure.
|
||
That derivation is stored in a @code{.drv} file under @file{/gnu/store}.
|
||
The build actions it prescribes may then be realized by using the
|
||
@code{build-derivations} procedure (@pxref{The Store}).
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} package-derivation @var{store} @var{package} [@var{system}]
|
||
Return the @code{<derivation>} object of @var{package} for @var{system}
|
||
(@pxref{Derivations}).
|
||
|
||
@var{package} must be a valid @code{<package>} object, and @var{system}
|
||
must be a string denoting the target system type---e.g.,
|
||
@code{"x86_64-linux"} for an x86_64 Linux-based GNU system. @var{store}
|
||
must be a connection to the daemon, which operates on the store
|
||
(@pxref{The Store}).
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
@cindex cross-compilation
|
||
Similarly, it is possible to compute a derivation that cross-builds a
|
||
package for some other system:
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} package-cross-derivation @var{store} @
|
||
@var{package} @var{target} [@var{system}]
|
||
Return the @code{<derivation>} object of @var{package} cross-built from
|
||
@var{system} to @var{target}.
|
||
|
||
@var{target} must be a valid GNU triplet denoting the target hardware
|
||
and operating system, such as @code{"mips64el-linux-gnu"}
|
||
(@pxref{Configuration Names, GNU configuration triplets,, configure, GNU
|
||
Configure and Build System}).
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* package Reference :: The package data type.
|
||
* origin Reference:: The origin data type.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node package Reference
|
||
@subsection @code{package} Reference
|
||
|
||
This section summarizes all the options available in @code{package}
|
||
declarations (@pxref{Defining Packages}).
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} package
|
||
This is the data type representing a package recipe.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{name}
|
||
The name of the package, as a string.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{version}
|
||
The version of the package, as a string.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{source}
|
||
An object telling how the source code for the package should be
|
||
acquired. Most of the time, this is an @code{origin} object, which
|
||
denotes a file fetched from the Internet (@pxref{origin Reference}). It
|
||
can also be any other ``file-like'' object such as a @code{local-file},
|
||
which denotes a file from the local file system (@pxref{G-Expressions,
|
||
@code{local-file}}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{build-system}
|
||
The build system that should be used to build the package (@pxref{Build
|
||
Systems}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{arguments} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
The arguments that should be passed to the build system. This is a
|
||
list, typically containing sequential keyword-value pairs.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{inputs} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
@itemx @code{native-inputs} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
@itemx @code{propagated-inputs} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
@cindex inputs, of packages
|
||
These fields list dependencies of the package. Each one is a list of
|
||
tuples, where each tuple has a label for the input (a string) as its
|
||
first element, a package, origin, or derivation as its second element,
|
||
and optionally the name of the output thereof that should be used, which
|
||
defaults to @code{"out"} (@pxref{Packages with Multiple Outputs}, for
|
||
more on package outputs). For example, the list below specifies three
|
||
inputs:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
`(("libffi" ,libffi)
|
||
("libunistring" ,libunistring)
|
||
("glib:bin" ,glib "bin")) ;the "bin" output of Glib
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@cindex cross compilation, package dependencies
|
||
The distinction between @code{native-inputs} and @code{inputs} is
|
||
necessary when considering cross-compilation. When cross-compiling,
|
||
dependencies listed in @code{inputs} are built for the @emph{target}
|
||
architecture; conversely, dependencies listed in @code{native-inputs}
|
||
are built for the architecture of the @emph{build} machine.
|
||
|
||
@code{native-inputs} is typically used to list tools needed at
|
||
build time, but not at run time, such as Autoconf, Automake, pkg-config,
|
||
Gettext, or Bison. @command{guix lint} can report likely mistakes in
|
||
this area (@pxref{Invoking guix lint}).
|
||
|
||
@anchor{package-propagated-inputs}
|
||
Lastly, @code{propagated-inputs} is similar to @code{inputs}, but the
|
||
specified packages will be automatically installed alongside the package
|
||
they belong to (@pxref{package-cmd-propagated-inputs, @command{guix
|
||
package}}, for information on how @command{guix package} deals with
|
||
propagated inputs.)
|
||
|
||
For example this is necessary when a C/C++ library needs headers of
|
||
another library to compile, or when a pkg-config file refers to another
|
||
one @i{via} its @code{Requires} field.
|
||
|
||
Another example where @code{propagated-inputs} is useful is for languages
|
||
that lack a facility to record the run-time search path akin to the
|
||
@code{RUNPATH} of ELF files; this includes Guile, Python, Perl, GHC, and
|
||
more. To ensure that libraries written in those languages can find
|
||
library code they depend on at run time, run-time dependencies must be
|
||
listed in @code{propagated-inputs} rather than @code{inputs}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{self-native-input?} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
This is a Boolean field telling whether the package should use itself as
|
||
a native input when cross-compiling.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{outputs} (default: @code{'("out")})
|
||
The list of output names of the package. @xref{Packages with Multiple
|
||
Outputs}, for typical uses of additional outputs.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{native-search-paths} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
@itemx @code{search-paths} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
A list of @code{search-path-specification} objects describing
|
||
search-path environment variables honored by the package.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{replacement} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
This must be either @code{#f} or a package object that will be used as a
|
||
@dfn{replacement} for this package. @xref{Security Updates, grafts},
|
||
for details.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{synopsis}
|
||
A one-line description of the package.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{description}
|
||
A more elaborate description of the package.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{license}
|
||
The license of the package; a value from @code{(guix licenses)},
|
||
or a list of such values.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{home-page}
|
||
The URL to the home-page of the package, as a string.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{supported-systems} (default: @var{%supported-systems})
|
||
The list of systems supported by the package, as strings of the form
|
||
@code{architecture-kernel}, for example @code{"x86_64-linux"}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{maintainers} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
The list of maintainers of the package, as @code{maintainer} objects.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{location} (default: source location of the @code{package} form)
|
||
The source location of the package. It is useful to override this when
|
||
inheriting from another package, in which case this field is not
|
||
automatically corrected.
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node origin Reference
|
||
@subsection @code{origin} Reference
|
||
|
||
This section summarizes all the options available in @code{origin}
|
||
declarations (@pxref{Defining Packages}).
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} origin
|
||
This is the data type representing a source code origin.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{uri}
|
||
An object containing the URI of the source. The object type depends on
|
||
the @code{method} (see below). For example, when using the
|
||
@var{url-fetch} method of @code{(guix download)}, the valid @code{uri}
|
||
values are: a URL represented as a string, or a list thereof.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{method}
|
||
A procedure that handles the URI.
|
||
|
||
Examples include:
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @var{url-fetch} from @code{(guix download)}
|
||
download a file from the HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP URL specified in the
|
||
@code{uri} field;
|
||
|
||
@vindex git-fetch
|
||
@item @var{git-fetch} from @code{(guix git-download)}
|
||
clone the Git version control repository, and check out the revision
|
||
specified in the @code{uri} field as a @code{git-reference} object; a
|
||
@code{git-reference} looks like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(git-reference
|
||
(url "git://git.debian.org/git/pkg-shadow/shadow")
|
||
(commit "v4.1.5.1"))
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@item @code{sha256}
|
||
A bytevector containing the SHA-256 hash of the source. Typically the
|
||
@code{base32} form is used here to generate the bytevector from a
|
||
base-32 string.
|
||
|
||
You can obtain this information using @code{guix download}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix download}) or @code{guix hash} (@pxref{Invoking
|
||
guix hash}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{file-name} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
The file name under which the source code should be saved. When this is
|
||
@code{#f}, a sensible default value will be used in most cases. In case
|
||
the source is fetched from a URL, the file name from the URL will be
|
||
used. For version control checkouts, it is recommended to provide the
|
||
file name explicitly because the default is not very descriptive.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{patches} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
A list of file names containing patches to be applied to the source.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{snippet} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
A G-expression (@pxref{G-Expressions}) or S-expression that will be run
|
||
in the source directory. This is a convenient way to modify the source,
|
||
sometimes more convenient than a patch.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{patch-flags} (default: @code{'("-p1")})
|
||
A list of command-line flags that should be passed to the @code{patch}
|
||
command.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{patch-inputs} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
Input packages or derivations to the patching process. When this is
|
||
@code{#f}, the usual set of inputs necessary for patching are provided,
|
||
such as GNU@tie{}Patch.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{modules} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
A list of Guile modules that should be loaded during the patching
|
||
process and while running the code in the @code{snippet} field.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{patch-guile} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
The Guile package that should be used in the patching process. When
|
||
this is @code{#f}, a sensible default is used.
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Build Systems
|
||
@section Build Systems
|
||
|
||
@cindex build system
|
||
Each package definition specifies a @dfn{build system} and arguments for
|
||
that build system (@pxref{Defining Packages}). This @code{build-system}
|
||
field represents the build procedure of the package, as well as implicit
|
||
dependencies of that build procedure.
|
||
|
||
Build systems are @code{<build-system>} objects. The interface to
|
||
create and manipulate them is provided by the @code{(guix build-system)}
|
||
module, and actual build systems are exported by specific modules.
|
||
|
||
@cindex bag (low-level package representation)
|
||
Under the hood, build systems first compile package objects to
|
||
@dfn{bags}. A @dfn{bag} is like a package, but with less
|
||
ornamentation---in other words, a bag is a lower-level representation of
|
||
a package, which includes all the inputs of that package, including some
|
||
that were implicitly added by the build system. This intermediate
|
||
representation is then compiled to a derivation (@pxref{Derivations}).
|
||
|
||
Build systems accept an optional list of @dfn{arguments}. In package
|
||
definitions, these are passed @i{via} the @code{arguments} field
|
||
(@pxref{Defining Packages}). They are typically keyword arguments
|
||
(@pxref{Optional Arguments, keyword arguments in Guile,, guile, GNU
|
||
Guile Reference Manual}). The value of these arguments is usually
|
||
evaluated in the @dfn{build stratum}---i.e., by a Guile process launched
|
||
by the daemon (@pxref{Derivations}).
|
||
|
||
The main build system is @var{gnu-build-system}, which implements the
|
||
standard build procedure for GNU and many other packages. It
|
||
is provided by the @code{(guix build-system gnu)} module.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} gnu-build-system
|
||
@var{gnu-build-system} represents the GNU Build System, and variants
|
||
thereof (@pxref{Configuration, configuration and makefile conventions,,
|
||
standards, GNU Coding Standards}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex build phases
|
||
In a nutshell, packages using it are configured, built, and installed with
|
||
the usual @code{./configure && make && make check && make install}
|
||
command sequence. In practice, a few additional steps are often needed.
|
||
All these steps are split up in separate @dfn{phases},
|
||
notably@footnote{Please see the @code{(guix build gnu-build-system)}
|
||
modules for more details about the build phases.}:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item unpack
|
||
Unpack the source tarball, and change the current directory to the
|
||
extracted source tree. If the source is actually a directory, copy it
|
||
to the build tree, and enter that directory.
|
||
|
||
@item patch-source-shebangs
|
||
Patch shebangs encountered in source files so they refer to the right
|
||
store file names. For instance, this changes @code{#!/bin/sh} to
|
||
@code{#!/gnu/store/@dots{}-bash-4.3/bin/sh}.
|
||
|
||
@item configure
|
||
Run the @file{configure} script with a number of default options, such
|
||
as @code{--prefix=/gnu/store/@dots{}}, as well as the options specified
|
||
by the @code{#:configure-flags} argument.
|
||
|
||
@item build
|
||
Run @code{make} with the list of flags specified with
|
||
@code{#:make-flags}. If the @code{#:parallel-build?} argument is true
|
||
(the default), build with @code{make -j}.
|
||
|
||
@item check
|
||
Run @code{make check}, or some other target specified with
|
||
@code{#:test-target}, unless @code{#:tests? #f} is passed. If the
|
||
@code{#:parallel-tests?} argument is true (the default), run @code{make
|
||
check -j}.
|
||
|
||
@item install
|
||
Run @code{make install} with the flags listed in @code{#:make-flags}.
|
||
|
||
@item patch-shebangs
|
||
Patch shebangs on the installed executable files.
|
||
|
||
@item strip
|
||
Strip debugging symbols from ELF files (unless @code{#:strip-binaries?}
|
||
is false), copying them to the @code{debug} output when available
|
||
(@pxref{Installing Debugging Files}).
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@vindex %standard-phases
|
||
The build-side module @code{(guix build gnu-build-system)} defines
|
||
@var{%standard-phases} as the default list of build phases.
|
||
@var{%standard-phases} is a list of symbol/procedure pairs, where the
|
||
procedure implements the actual phase.
|
||
|
||
The list of phases used for a particular package can be changed with the
|
||
@code{#:phases} parameter. For instance, passing:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
#:phases (modify-phases %standard-phases (delete 'configure))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
means that all the phases described above will be used, except the
|
||
@code{configure} phase.
|
||
|
||
In addition, this build system ensures that the ``standard'' environment
|
||
for GNU packages is available. This includes tools such as GCC, libc,
|
||
Coreutils, Bash, Make, Diffutils, grep, and sed (see the @code{(guix
|
||
build-system gnu)} module for a complete list). We call these the
|
||
@dfn{implicit inputs} of a package, because package definitions do not
|
||
have to mention them.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
Other @code{<build-system>} objects are defined to support other
|
||
conventions and tools used by free software packages. They inherit most
|
||
of @var{gnu-build-system}, and differ mainly in the set of inputs
|
||
implicitly added to the build process, and in the list of phases
|
||
executed. Some of these build systems are listed below.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} ant-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system ant)}. It
|
||
implements the build procedure for Java packages that can be built with
|
||
@url{http://ant.apache.org/, Ant build tool}.
|
||
|
||
It adds both @code{ant} and the @dfn{Java Development Kit} (JDK) as
|
||
provided by the @code{icedtea} package to the set of inputs. Different
|
||
packages can be specified with the @code{#:ant} and @code{#:jdk}
|
||
parameters, respectively.
|
||
|
||
When the original package does not provide a suitable Ant build file,
|
||
the parameter @code{#:jar-name} can be used to generate a minimal Ant
|
||
build file @file{build.xml} with tasks to build the specified jar
|
||
archive.
|
||
|
||
The parameter @code{#:build-target} can be used to specify the Ant task
|
||
that should be run during the @code{build} phase. By default the
|
||
``jar'' task will be run.
|
||
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} cmake-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system cmake)}. It
|
||
implements the build procedure for packages using the
|
||
@url{http://www.cmake.org, CMake build tool}.
|
||
|
||
It automatically adds the @code{cmake} package to the set of inputs.
|
||
Which package is used can be specified with the @code{#:cmake}
|
||
parameter.
|
||
|
||
The @code{#:configure-flags} parameter is taken as a list of flags
|
||
passed to the @command{cmake} command. The @code{#:build-type}
|
||
parameter specifies in abstract terms the flags passed to the compiler;
|
||
it defaults to @code{"RelWithDebInfo"} (short for ``release mode with
|
||
debugging information''), which roughly means that code is compiled with
|
||
@code{-O2 -g}, as is the case for Autoconf-based packages by default.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} glib-or-gtk-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system glib-or-gtk)}. It
|
||
is intended for use with packages making use of GLib or GTK+.
|
||
|
||
This build system adds the following two phases to the ones defined by
|
||
@var{gnu-build-system}:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item glib-or-gtk-wrap
|
||
The phase @code{glib-or-gtk-wrap} ensures that programs in
|
||
@file{bin/} are able to find GLib ``schemas'' and
|
||
@uref{https://developer.gnome.org/gtk3/stable/gtk-running.html, GTK+
|
||
modules}. This is achieved by wrapping the programs in launch scripts
|
||
that appropriately set the @code{XDG_DATA_DIRS} and @code{GTK_PATH}
|
||
environment variables.
|
||
|
||
It is possible to exclude specific package outputs from that wrapping
|
||
process by listing their names in the
|
||
@code{#:glib-or-gtk-wrap-excluded-outputs} parameter. This is useful
|
||
when an output is known not to contain any GLib or GTK+ binaries, and
|
||
where wrapping would gratuitously add a dependency of that output on
|
||
GLib and GTK+.
|
||
|
||
@item glib-or-gtk-compile-schemas
|
||
The phase @code{glib-or-gtk-compile-schemas} makes sure that all
|
||
@uref{https://developer.gnome.org/gio/stable/glib-compile-schemas.html,
|
||
GSettings schemas} of GLib are compiled. Compilation is performed by the
|
||
@command{glib-compile-schemas} program. It is provided by the package
|
||
@code{glib:bin} which is automatically imported by the build system.
|
||
The @code{glib} package providing @command{glib-compile-schemas} can be
|
||
specified with the @code{#:glib} parameter.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
Both phases are executed after the @code{install} phase.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} python-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system python)}. It
|
||
implements the more or less standard build procedure used by Python
|
||
packages, which consists in running @code{python setup.py build} and
|
||
then @code{python setup.py install --prefix=/gnu/store/@dots{}}.
|
||
|
||
For packages that install stand-alone Python programs under @code{bin/},
|
||
it takes care of wrapping these programs so that their @code{PYTHONPATH}
|
||
environment variable points to all the Python libraries they depend on.
|
||
|
||
Which Python package is used to perform the build can be specified with
|
||
the @code{#:python} parameter. This is a useful way to force a package
|
||
to be built for a specific version of the Python interpreter, which
|
||
might be necessary if the package is only compatible with a single
|
||
interpreter version.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} perl-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system perl)}. It
|
||
implements the standard build procedure for Perl packages, which either
|
||
consists in running @code{perl Build.PL --prefix=/gnu/store/@dots{}},
|
||
followed by @code{Build} and @code{Build install}; or in running
|
||
@code{perl Makefile.PL PREFIX=/gnu/store/@dots{}}, followed by
|
||
@code{make} and @code{make install}, depending on which of
|
||
@code{Build.PL} or @code{Makefile.PL} is present in the package
|
||
distribution. Preference is given to the former if both @code{Build.PL}
|
||
and @code{Makefile.PL} exist in the package distribution. This
|
||
preference can be reversed by specifying @code{#t} for the
|
||
@code{#:make-maker?} parameter.
|
||
|
||
The initial @code{perl Makefile.PL} or @code{perl Build.PL} invocation
|
||
passes flags specified by the @code{#:make-maker-flags} or
|
||
@code{#:module-build-flags} parameter, respectively.
|
||
|
||
Which Perl package is used can be specified with @code{#:perl}.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} r-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system r)}. It
|
||
implements the build procedure used by @uref{http://r-project.org, R}
|
||
packages, which essentially is little more than running @code{R CMD
|
||
INSTALL --library=/gnu/store/@dots{}} in an environment where
|
||
@code{R_LIBS_SITE} contains the paths to all R package inputs. Tests
|
||
are run after installation using the R function
|
||
@code{tools::testInstalledPackage}.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} ruby-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system ruby)}. It
|
||
implements the RubyGems build procedure used by Ruby packages, which
|
||
involves running @code{gem build} followed by @code{gem install}.
|
||
|
||
The @code{source} field of a package that uses this build system
|
||
typically references a gem archive, since this is the format that Ruby
|
||
developers use when releasing their software. The build system unpacks
|
||
the gem archive, potentially patches the source, runs the test suite,
|
||
repackages the gem, and installs it. Additionally, directories and
|
||
tarballs may be referenced to allow building unreleased gems from Git or
|
||
a traditional source release tarball.
|
||
|
||
Which Ruby package is used can be specified with the @code{#:ruby}
|
||
parameter. A list of additional flags to be passed to the @command{gem}
|
||
command can be specified with the @code{#:gem-flags} parameter.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} waf-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system waf)}. It
|
||
implements a build procedure around the @code{waf} script. The common
|
||
phases---@code{configure}, @code{build}, and @code{install}---are
|
||
implemented by passing their names as arguments to the @code{waf}
|
||
script.
|
||
|
||
The @code{waf} script is executed by the Python interpreter. Which
|
||
Python package is used to run the script can be specified with the
|
||
@code{#:python} parameter.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} haskell-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system haskell)}. It
|
||
implements the Cabal build procedure used by Haskell packages, which
|
||
involves running @code{runhaskell Setup.hs configure
|
||
--prefix=/gnu/store/@dots{}} and @code{runhaskell Setup.hs build}.
|
||
Instead of installing the package by running @code{runhaskell Setup.hs
|
||
install}, to avoid trying to register libraries in the read-only
|
||
compiler store directory, the build system uses @code{runhaskell
|
||
Setup.hs copy}, followed by @code{runhaskell Setup.hs register}. In
|
||
addition, the build system generates the package documentation by
|
||
running @code{runhaskell Setup.hs haddock}, unless @code{#:haddock? #f}
|
||
is passed. Optional Haddock parameters can be passed with the help of
|
||
the @code{#:haddock-flags} parameter. If the file @code{Setup.hs} is
|
||
not found, the build system looks for @code{Setup.lhs} instead.
|
||
|
||
Which Haskell compiler is used can be specified with the @code{#:haskell}
|
||
parameter which defaults to @code{ghc}.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} emacs-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system emacs)}. It
|
||
implements an installation procedure similar to the packaging system
|
||
of Emacs itself (@pxref{Packages,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
|
||
|
||
It first creates the @code{@var{package}-autoloads.el} file, then it
|
||
byte compiles all Emacs Lisp files. Differently from the Emacs
|
||
packaging system, the Info documentation files are moved to the standard
|
||
documentation directory and the @file{dir} file is deleted. Each
|
||
package is installed in its own directory under
|
||
@file{share/emacs/site-lisp/guix.d}.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
Lastly, for packages that do not need anything as sophisticated, a
|
||
``trivial'' build system is provided. It is trivial in the sense that
|
||
it provides basically no support: it does not pull any implicit inputs,
|
||
and does not have a notion of build phases.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} trivial-build-system
|
||
This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system trivial)}.
|
||
|
||
This build system requires a @code{#:builder} argument. This argument
|
||
must be a Scheme expression that builds the package output(s)---as
|
||
with @code{build-expression->derivation} (@pxref{Derivations,
|
||
@code{build-expression->derivation}}).
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@node The Store
|
||
@section The Store
|
||
|
||
@cindex store
|
||
@cindex store items
|
||
@cindex store paths
|
||
|
||
Conceptually, the @dfn{store} is the place where derivations that have
|
||
been built successfully are stored---by default, @file{/gnu/store}.
|
||
Sub-directories in the store are referred to as @dfn{store items} or
|
||
sometimes @dfn{store paths}. The store has an associated database that
|
||
contains information such as the store paths referred to by each store
|
||
path, and the list of @emph{valid} store items---results of successful
|
||
builds. This database resides in @file{@var{localstatedir}/guix/db},
|
||
where @var{localstatedir} is the state directory specified @i{via}
|
||
@option{--localstatedir} at configure time, usually @file{/var}.
|
||
|
||
The store is @emph{always} accessed by the daemon on behalf of its clients
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix-daemon}). To manipulate the store, clients
|
||
connect to the daemon over a Unix-domain socket, send requests to it,
|
||
and read the result---these are remote procedure calls, or RPCs.
|
||
|
||
@quotation Note
|
||
Users must @emph{never} modify files under @file{/gnu/store} directly.
|
||
This would lead to inconsistencies and break the immutability
|
||
assumptions of Guix's functional model (@pxref{Introduction}).
|
||
|
||
@xref{Invoking guix gc, @command{guix gc --verify}}, for information on
|
||
how to check the integrity of the store and attempt recovery from
|
||
accidental modifications.
|
||
@end quotation
|
||
|
||
The @code{(guix store)} module provides procedures to connect to the
|
||
daemon, and to perform RPCs. These are described below.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} open-connection [@var{file}] [#:reserve-space? #t]
|
||
Connect to the daemon over the Unix-domain socket at @var{file}. When
|
||
@var{reserve-space?} is true, instruct it to reserve a little bit of
|
||
extra space on the file system so that the garbage collector can still
|
||
operate should the disk become full. Return a server object.
|
||
|
||
@var{file} defaults to @var{%default-socket-path}, which is the normal
|
||
location given the options that were passed to @command{configure}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} close-connection @var{server}
|
||
Close the connection to @var{server}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} current-build-output-port
|
||
This variable is bound to a SRFI-39 parameter, which refers to the port
|
||
where build and error logs sent by the daemon should be written.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
Procedures that make RPCs all take a server object as their first
|
||
argument.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} valid-path? @var{server} @var{path}
|
||
@cindex invalid store items
|
||
Return @code{#t} when @var{path} designates a valid store item and
|
||
@code{#f} otherwise (an invalid item may exist on disk but still be
|
||
invalid, for instance because it is the result of an aborted or failed
|
||
build.)
|
||
|
||
A @code{&nix-protocol-error} condition is raised if @var{path} is not
|
||
prefixed by the store directory (@file{/gnu/store}).
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} add-text-to-store @var{server} @var{name} @var{text} [@var{references}]
|
||
Add @var{text} under file @var{name} in the store, and return its store
|
||
path. @var{references} is the list of store paths referred to by the
|
||
resulting store path.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} build-derivations @var{server} @var{derivations}
|
||
Build @var{derivations} (a list of @code{<derivation>} objects or
|
||
derivation paths), and return when the worker is done building them.
|
||
Return @code{#t} on success.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
Note that the @code{(guix monads)} module provides a monad as well as
|
||
monadic versions of the above procedures, with the goal of making it
|
||
more convenient to work with code that accesses the store (@pxref{The
|
||
Store Monad}).
|
||
|
||
@c FIXME
|
||
@i{This section is currently incomplete.}
|
||
|
||
@node Derivations
|
||
@section Derivations
|
||
|
||
@cindex derivations
|
||
Low-level build actions and the environment in which they are performed
|
||
are represented by @dfn{derivations}. A derivation contains the
|
||
following pieces of information:
|
||
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item
|
||
The outputs of the derivation---derivations produce at least one file or
|
||
directory in the store, but may produce more.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
The inputs of the derivations, which may be other derivations or plain
|
||
files in the store (patches, build scripts, etc.)
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
The system type targeted by the derivation---e.g., @code{x86_64-linux}.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
The file name of a build script in the store, along with the arguments
|
||
to be passed.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
A list of environment variables to be defined.
|
||
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
@cindex derivation path
|
||
Derivations allow clients of the daemon to communicate build actions to
|
||
the store. They exist in two forms: as an in-memory representation,
|
||
both on the client- and daemon-side, and as files in the store whose
|
||
name end in @code{.drv}---these files are referred to as @dfn{derivation
|
||
paths}. Derivations paths can be passed to the @code{build-derivations}
|
||
procedure to perform the build actions they prescribe (@pxref{The
|
||
Store}).
|
||
|
||
The @code{(guix derivations)} module provides a representation of
|
||
derivations as Scheme objects, along with procedures to create and
|
||
otherwise manipulate derivations. The lowest-level primitive to create
|
||
a derivation is the @code{derivation} procedure:
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} derivation @var{store} @var{name} @var{builder} @
|
||
@var{args} [#:outputs '("out")] [#:hash #f] [#:hash-algo #f] @
|
||
[#:recursive? #f] [#:inputs '()] [#:env-vars '()] @
|
||
[#:system (%current-system)] [#:references-graphs #f] @
|
||
[#:allowed-references #f] [#:disallowed-references #f] @
|
||
[#:leaked-env-vars #f] [#:local-build? #f] @
|
||
[#:substitutable? #t]
|
||
Build a derivation with the given arguments, and return the resulting
|
||
@code{<derivation>} object.
|
||
|
||
When @var{hash} and @var{hash-algo} are given, a
|
||
@dfn{fixed-output derivation} is created---i.e., one whose result is
|
||
known in advance, such as a file download. If, in addition,
|
||
@var{recursive?} is true, then that fixed output may be an executable
|
||
file or a directory and @var{hash} must be the hash of an archive
|
||
containing this output.
|
||
|
||
When @var{references-graphs} is true, it must be a list of file
|
||
name/store path pairs. In that case, the reference graph of each store
|
||
path is exported in the build environment in the corresponding file, in
|
||
a simple text format.
|
||
|
||
When @var{allowed-references} is true, it must be a list of store items
|
||
or outputs that the derivation's output may refer to. Likewise,
|
||
@var{disallowed-references}, if true, must be a list of things the
|
||
outputs may @emph{not} refer to.
|
||
|
||
When @var{leaked-env-vars} is true, it must be a list of strings
|
||
denoting environment variables that are allowed to ``leak'' from the
|
||
daemon's environment to the build environment. This is only applicable
|
||
to fixed-output derivations---i.e., when @var{hash} is true. The main
|
||
use is to allow variables such as @code{http_proxy} to be passed to
|
||
derivations that download files.
|
||
|
||
When @var{local-build?} is true, declare that the derivation is not a
|
||
good candidate for offloading and should rather be built locally
|
||
(@pxref{Daemon Offload Setup}). This is the case for small derivations
|
||
where the costs of data transfers would outweigh the benefits.
|
||
|
||
When @var{substitutable?} is false, declare that substitutes of the
|
||
derivation's output should not be used (@pxref{Substitutes}). This is
|
||
useful, for instance, when building packages that capture details of the
|
||
host CPU instruction set.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
Here's an example with a shell script as its builder, assuming
|
||
@var{store} is an open connection to the daemon, and @var{bash} points
|
||
to a Bash executable in the store:
|
||
|
||
@lisp
|
||
(use-modules (guix utils)
|
||
(guix store)
|
||
(guix derivations))
|
||
|
||
(let ((builder ; add the Bash script to the store
|
||
(add-text-to-store store "my-builder.sh"
|
||
"echo hello world > $out\n" '())))
|
||
(derivation store "foo"
|
||
bash `("-e" ,builder)
|
||
#:inputs `((,bash) (,builder))
|
||
#:env-vars '(("HOME" . "/homeless"))))
|
||
@result{} #<derivation /gnu/store/@dots{}-foo.drv => /gnu/store/@dots{}-foo>
|
||
@end lisp
|
||
|
||
As can be guessed, this primitive is cumbersome to use directly. A
|
||
better approach is to write build scripts in Scheme, of course! The
|
||
best course of action for that is to write the build code as a
|
||
``G-expression'', and to pass it to @code{gexp->derivation}. For more
|
||
information, @pxref{G-Expressions}.
|
||
|
||
Once upon a time, @code{gexp->derivation} did not exist and constructing
|
||
derivations with build code written in Scheme was achieved with
|
||
@code{build-expression->derivation}, documented below. This procedure
|
||
is now deprecated in favor of the much nicer @code{gexp->derivation}.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} build-expression->derivation @var{store} @
|
||
@var{name} @var{exp} @
|
||
[#:system (%current-system)] [#:inputs '()] @
|
||
[#:outputs '("out")] [#:hash #f] [#:hash-algo #f] @
|
||
[#:recursive? #f] [#:env-vars '()] [#:modules '()] @
|
||
[#:references-graphs #f] [#:allowed-references #f] @
|
||
[#:disallowed-references #f] @
|
||
[#:local-build? #f] [#:substitutable? #t] [#:guile-for-build #f]
|
||
Return a derivation that executes Scheme expression @var{exp} as a
|
||
builder for derivation @var{name}. @var{inputs} must be a list of
|
||
@code{(name drv-path sub-drv)} tuples; when @var{sub-drv} is omitted,
|
||
@code{"out"} is assumed. @var{modules} is a list of names of Guile
|
||
modules from the current search path to be copied in the store,
|
||
compiled, and made available in the load path during the execution of
|
||
@var{exp}---e.g., @code{((guix build utils) (guix build
|
||
gnu-build-system))}.
|
||
|
||
@var{exp} is evaluated in an environment where @code{%outputs} is bound
|
||
to a list of output/path pairs, and where @code{%build-inputs} is bound
|
||
to a list of string/output-path pairs made from @var{inputs}.
|
||
Optionally, @var{env-vars} is a list of string pairs specifying the name
|
||
and value of environment variables visible to the builder. The builder
|
||
terminates by passing the result of @var{exp} to @code{exit}; thus, when
|
||
@var{exp} returns @code{#f}, the build is considered to have failed.
|
||
|
||
@var{exp} is built using @var{guile-for-build} (a derivation). When
|
||
@var{guile-for-build} is omitted or is @code{#f}, the value of the
|
||
@code{%guile-for-build} fluid is used instead.
|
||
|
||
See the @code{derivation} procedure for the meaning of
|
||
@var{references-graphs}, @var{allowed-references},
|
||
@var{disallowed-references}, @var{local-build?}, and
|
||
@var{substitutable?}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
Here's an example of a single-output derivation that creates a directory
|
||
containing one file:
|
||
|
||
@lisp
|
||
(let ((builder '(let ((out (assoc-ref %outputs "out")))
|
||
(mkdir out) ; create /gnu/store/@dots{}-goo
|
||
(call-with-output-file (string-append out "/test")
|
||
(lambda (p)
|
||
(display '(hello guix) p))))))
|
||
(build-expression->derivation store "goo" builder))
|
||
|
||
@result{} #<derivation /gnu/store/@dots{}-goo.drv => @dots{}>
|
||
@end lisp
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node The Store Monad
|
||
@section The Store Monad
|
||
|
||
@cindex monad
|
||
|
||
The procedures that operate on the store described in the previous
|
||
sections all take an open connection to the build daemon as their first
|
||
argument. Although the underlying model is functional, they either have
|
||
side effects or depend on the current state of the store.
|
||
|
||
The former is inconvenient: the connection to the build daemon has to be
|
||
carried around in all those functions, making it impossible to compose
|
||
functions that do not take that parameter with functions that do. The
|
||
latter can be problematic: since store operations have side effects
|
||
and/or depend on external state, they have to be properly sequenced.
|
||
|
||
@cindex monadic values
|
||
@cindex monadic functions
|
||
This is where the @code{(guix monads)} module comes in. This module
|
||
provides a framework for working with @dfn{monads}, and a particularly
|
||
useful monad for our uses, the @dfn{store monad}. Monads are a
|
||
construct that allows two things: associating ``context'' with values
|
||
(in our case, the context is the store), and building sequences of
|
||
computations (here computations include accesses to the store). Values
|
||
in a monad---values that carry this additional context---are called
|
||
@dfn{monadic values}; procedures that return such values are called
|
||
@dfn{monadic procedures}.
|
||
|
||
Consider this ``normal'' procedure:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define (sh-symlink store)
|
||
;; Return a derivation that symlinks the 'bash' executable.
|
||
(let* ((drv (package-derivation store bash))
|
||
(out (derivation->output-path drv))
|
||
(sh (string-append out "/bin/bash")))
|
||
(build-expression->derivation store "sh"
|
||
`(symlink ,sh %output))))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Using @code{(guix monads)} and @code{(guix gexp)}, it may be rewritten
|
||
as a monadic function:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define (sh-symlink)
|
||
;; Same, but return a monadic value.
|
||
(mlet %store-monad ((drv (package->derivation bash)))
|
||
(gexp->derivation "sh"
|
||
#~(symlink (string-append #$drv "/bin/bash")
|
||
#$output))))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
There are several things to note in the second version: the @code{store}
|
||
parameter is now implicit and is ``threaded'' in the calls to the
|
||
@code{package->derivation} and @code{gexp->derivation} monadic
|
||
procedures, and the monadic value returned by @code{package->derivation}
|
||
is @dfn{bound} using @code{mlet} instead of plain @code{let}.
|
||
|
||
As it turns out, the call to @code{package->derivation} can even be
|
||
omitted since it will take place implicitly, as we will see later
|
||
(@pxref{G-Expressions}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define (sh-symlink)
|
||
(gexp->derivation "sh"
|
||
#~(symlink (string-append #$bash "/bin/bash")
|
||
#$output)))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@c See
|
||
@c <https://syntaxexclamation.wordpress.com/2014/06/26/escaping-continuations/>
|
||
@c for the funny quote.
|
||
Calling the monadic @code{sh-symlink} has no effect. As someone once
|
||
said, ``you exit a monad like you exit a building on fire: by running''.
|
||
So, to exit the monad and get the desired effect, one must use
|
||
@code{run-with-store}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(run-with-store (open-connection) (sh-symlink))
|
||
@result{} /gnu/store/...-sh-symlink
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Note that the @code{(guix monad-repl)} module extends the Guile REPL with
|
||
new ``meta-commands'' to make it easier to deal with monadic procedures:
|
||
@code{run-in-store}, and @code{enter-store-monad}. The former is used
|
||
to ``run'' a single monadic value through the store:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
scheme@@(guile-user)> ,run-in-store (package->derivation hello)
|
||
$1 = #<derivation /gnu/store/@dots{}-hello-2.9.drv => @dots{}>
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The latter enters a recursive REPL, where all the return values are
|
||
automatically run through the store:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
scheme@@(guile-user)> ,enter-store-monad
|
||
store-monad@@(guile-user) [1]> (package->derivation hello)
|
||
$2 = #<derivation /gnu/store/@dots{}-hello-2.9.drv => @dots{}>
|
||
store-monad@@(guile-user) [1]> (text-file "foo" "Hello!")
|
||
$3 = "/gnu/store/@dots{}-foo"
|
||
store-monad@@(guile-user) [1]> ,q
|
||
scheme@@(guile-user)>
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
Note that non-monadic values cannot be returned in the
|
||
@code{store-monad} REPL.
|
||
|
||
The main syntactic forms to deal with monads in general are provided by
|
||
the @code{(guix monads)} module and are described below.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Syntax} with-monad @var{monad} @var{body} ...
|
||
Evaluate any @code{>>=} or @code{return} forms in @var{body} as being
|
||
in @var{monad}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Syntax} return @var{val}
|
||
Return a monadic value that encapsulates @var{val}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Syntax} >>= @var{mval} @var{mproc} ...
|
||
@dfn{Bind} monadic value @var{mval}, passing its ``contents'' to monadic
|
||
procedures @var{mproc}@dots{}@footnote{This operation is commonly
|
||
referred to as ``bind'', but that name denotes an unrelated procedure in
|
||
Guile. Thus we use this somewhat cryptic symbol inherited from the
|
||
Haskell language.}. There can be one @var{mproc} or several of them, as
|
||
in this example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(run-with-state
|
||
(with-monad %state-monad
|
||
(>>= (return 1)
|
||
(lambda (x) (return (+ 1 x)))
|
||
(lambda (x) (return (* 2 x)))))
|
||
'some-state)
|
||
|
||
@result{} 4
|
||
@result{} some-state
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Syntax} mlet @var{monad} ((@var{var} @var{mval}) ...) @
|
||
@var{body} ...
|
||
@deffnx {Scheme Syntax} mlet* @var{monad} ((@var{var} @var{mval}) ...) @
|
||
@var{body} ...
|
||
Bind the variables @var{var} to the monadic values @var{mval} in
|
||
@var{body}. The form (@var{var} -> @var{val}) binds @var{var} to the
|
||
``normal'' value @var{val}, as per @code{let}.
|
||
|
||
@code{mlet*} is to @code{mlet} what @code{let*} is to @code{let}
|
||
(@pxref{Local Bindings,,, guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual}).
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme System} mbegin @var{monad} @var{mexp} ...
|
||
Bind @var{mexp} and the following monadic expressions in sequence,
|
||
returning the result of the last expression.
|
||
|
||
This is akin to @code{mlet}, except that the return values of the
|
||
monadic expressions are ignored. In that sense, it is analogous to
|
||
@code{begin}, but applied to monadic expressions.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@cindex state monad
|
||
The @code{(guix monads)} module provides the @dfn{state monad}, which
|
||
allows an additional value---the state---to be @emph{threaded} through
|
||
monadic procedure calls.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %state-monad
|
||
The state monad. Procedures in the state monad can access and change
|
||
the state that is threaded.
|
||
|
||
Consider the example below. The @code{square} procedure returns a value
|
||
in the state monad. It returns the square of its argument, but also
|
||
increments the current state value:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define (square x)
|
||
(mlet %state-monad ((count (current-state)))
|
||
(mbegin %state-monad
|
||
(set-current-state (+ 1 count))
|
||
(return (* x x)))))
|
||
|
||
(run-with-state (sequence %state-monad (map square (iota 3))) 0)
|
||
@result{} (0 1 4)
|
||
@result{} 3
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
When ``run'' through @var{%state-monad}, we obtain that additional state
|
||
value, which is the number of @code{square} calls.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} current-state
|
||
Return the current state as a monadic value.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} set-current-state @var{value}
|
||
Set the current state to @var{value} and return the previous state as a
|
||
monadic value.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} state-push @var{value}
|
||
Push @var{value} to the current state, which is assumed to be a list,
|
||
and return the previous state as a monadic value.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} state-pop
|
||
Pop a value from the current state and return it as a monadic value.
|
||
The state is assumed to be a list.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} run-with-state @var{mval} [@var{state}]
|
||
Run monadic value @var{mval} starting with @var{state} as the initial
|
||
state. Return two values: the resulting value, and the resulting state.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
The main interface to the store monad, provided by the @code{(guix
|
||
store)} module, is as follows.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %store-monad
|
||
The store monad---an alias for @var{%state-monad}.
|
||
|
||
Values in the store monad encapsulate accesses to the store. When its
|
||
effect is needed, a value of the store monad must be ``evaluated'' by
|
||
passing it to the @code{run-with-store} procedure (see below.)
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} run-with-store @var{store} @var{mval} [#:guile-for-build] [#:system (%current-system)]
|
||
Run @var{mval}, a monadic value in the store monad, in @var{store}, an
|
||
open store connection.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} text-file @var{name} @var{text} [@var{references}]
|
||
Return as a monadic value the absolute file name in the store of the file
|
||
containing @var{text}, a string. @var{references} is a list of store items that the
|
||
resulting text file refers to; it defaults to the empty list.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} interned-file @var{file} [@var{name}] @
|
||
[#:recursive? #t] [#:select? (const #t)]
|
||
Return the name of @var{file} once interned in the store. Use
|
||
@var{name} as its store name, or the basename of @var{file} if
|
||
@var{name} is omitted.
|
||
|
||
When @var{recursive?} is true, the contents of @var{file} are added
|
||
recursively; if @var{file} designates a flat file and @var{recursive?}
|
||
is true, its contents are added, and its permission bits are kept.
|
||
|
||
When @var{recursive?} is true, call @code{(@var{select?} @var{file}
|
||
@var{stat})} for each directory entry, where @var{file} is the entry's
|
||
absolute file name and @var{stat} is the result of @code{lstat}; exclude
|
||
entries for which @var{select?} does not return true.
|
||
|
||
The example below adds a file to the store, under two different names:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(run-with-store (open-connection)
|
||
(mlet %store-monad ((a (interned-file "README"))
|
||
(b (interned-file "README" "LEGU-MIN")))
|
||
(return (list a b))))
|
||
|
||
@result{} ("/gnu/store/rwm@dots{}-README" "/gnu/store/44i@dots{}-LEGU-MIN")
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
The @code{(guix packages)} module exports the following package-related
|
||
monadic procedures:
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} package-file @var{package} [@var{file}] @
|
||
[#:system (%current-system)] [#:target #f] @
|
||
[#:output "out"]
|
||
Return as a monadic
|
||
value in the absolute file name of @var{file} within the @var{output}
|
||
directory of @var{package}. When @var{file} is omitted, return the name
|
||
of the @var{output} directory of @var{package}. When @var{target} is
|
||
true, use it as a cross-compilation target triplet.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} package->derivation @var{package} [@var{system}]
|
||
@deffnx {Monadic Procedure} package->cross-derivation @var{package} @
|
||
@var{target} [@var{system}]
|
||
Monadic version of @code{package-derivation} and
|
||
@code{package-cross-derivation} (@pxref{Defining Packages}).
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node G-Expressions
|
||
@section G-Expressions
|
||
|
||
@cindex G-expression
|
||
@cindex build code quoting
|
||
So we have ``derivations'', which represent a sequence of build actions
|
||
to be performed to produce an item in the store (@pxref{Derivations}).
|
||
These build actions are performed when asking the daemon to actually
|
||
build the derivations; they are run by the daemon in a container
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix-daemon}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex strata of code
|
||
It should come as no surprise that we like to write these build actions
|
||
in Scheme. When we do that, we end up with two @dfn{strata} of Scheme
|
||
code@footnote{The term @dfn{stratum} in this context was coined by
|
||
Manuel Serrano et al.@: in the context of their work on Hop. Oleg
|
||
Kiselyov, who has written insightful
|
||
@url{http://okmij.org/ftp/meta-programming/#meta-scheme, essays and code
|
||
on this topic}, refers to this kind of code generation as
|
||
@dfn{staging}.}: the ``host code''---code that defines packages, talks
|
||
to the daemon, etc.---and the ``build code''---code that actually
|
||
performs build actions, such as making directories, invoking
|
||
@command{make}, etc.
|
||
|
||
To describe a derivation and its build actions, one typically needs to
|
||
embed build code inside host code. It boils down to manipulating build
|
||
code as data, and the homoiconicity of Scheme---code has a direct
|
||
representation as data---comes in handy for that. But we need more than
|
||
the normal @code{quasiquote} mechanism in Scheme to construct build
|
||
expressions.
|
||
|
||
The @code{(guix gexp)} module implements @dfn{G-expressions}, a form of
|
||
S-expressions adapted to build expressions. G-expressions, or
|
||
@dfn{gexps}, consist essentially of three syntactic forms: @code{gexp},
|
||
@code{ungexp}, and @code{ungexp-splicing} (or simply: @code{#~},
|
||
@code{#$}, and @code{#$@@}), which are comparable to
|
||
@code{quasiquote}, @code{unquote}, and @code{unquote-splicing},
|
||
respectively (@pxref{Expression Syntax, @code{quasiquote},, guile,
|
||
GNU Guile Reference Manual}). However, there are major differences:
|
||
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item
|
||
Gexps are meant to be written to a file and run or manipulated by other
|
||
processes.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
When a high-level object such as a package or derivation is unquoted
|
||
inside a gexp, the result is as if its output file name had been
|
||
introduced.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Gexps carry information about the packages or derivations they refer to,
|
||
and these dependencies are automatically added as inputs to the build
|
||
processes that use them.
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
@cindex lowering, of high-level objects in gexps
|
||
This mechanism is not limited to package and derivation
|
||
objects: @dfn{compilers} able to ``lower'' other high-level objects to
|
||
derivations or files in the store can be defined,
|
||
such that these objects can also be inserted
|
||
into gexps. For example, a useful type of high-level objects that can be
|
||
inserted in a gexp is ``file-like objects'', which make it easy to
|
||
add files to the store and to refer to them in
|
||
derivations and such (see @code{local-file} and @code{plain-file}
|
||
below.)
|
||
|
||
To illustrate the idea, here is an example of a gexp:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define build-exp
|
||
#~(begin
|
||
(mkdir #$output)
|
||
(chdir #$output)
|
||
(symlink (string-append #$coreutils "/bin/ls")
|
||
"list-files")))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This gexp can be passed to @code{gexp->derivation}; we obtain a
|
||
derivation that builds a directory containing exactly one symlink to
|
||
@file{/gnu/store/@dots{}-coreutils-8.22/bin/ls}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(gexp->derivation "the-thing" build-exp)
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
As one would expect, the @code{"/gnu/store/@dots{}-coreutils-8.22"} string is
|
||
substituted to the reference to the @var{coreutils} package in the
|
||
actual build code, and @var{coreutils} is automatically made an input to
|
||
the derivation. Likewise, @code{#$output} (equivalent to @code{(ungexp
|
||
output)}) is replaced by a string containing the directory name of the
|
||
output of the derivation.
|
||
|
||
@cindex cross compilation
|
||
In a cross-compilation context, it is useful to distinguish between
|
||
references to the @emph{native} build of a package---that can run on the
|
||
host---versus references to cross builds of a package. To that end, the
|
||
@code{#+} plays the same role as @code{#$}, but is a reference to a
|
||
native package build:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(gexp->derivation "vi"
|
||
#~(begin
|
||
(mkdir #$output)
|
||
(system* (string-append #+coreutils "/bin/ln")
|
||
"-s"
|
||
(string-append #$emacs "/bin/emacs")
|
||
(string-append #$output "/bin/vi")))
|
||
#:target "mips64el-linux")
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
In the example above, the native build of @var{coreutils} is used, so
|
||
that @command{ln} can actually run on the host; but then the
|
||
cross-compiled build of @var{emacs} is referenced.
|
||
|
||
@cindex imported modules, for gexps
|
||
@findex with-imported-modules
|
||
Another gexp feature is @dfn{imported modules}: sometimes you want to be
|
||
able to use certain Guile modules from the ``host environment'' in the
|
||
gexp, so those modules should be imported in the ``build environment''.
|
||
The @code{with-imported-modules} form allows you to express that:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(let ((build (with-imported-modules '((guix build utils))
|
||
#~(begin
|
||
(use-modules (guix build utils))
|
||
(mkdir-p (string-append #$output "/bin"))))))
|
||
(gexp->derivation "empty-dir"
|
||
#~(begin
|
||
#$build
|
||
(display "success!\n")
|
||
#t)))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
In this example, the @code{(guix build utils)} module is automatically
|
||
pulled into the isolated build environment of our gexp, such that
|
||
@code{(use-modules (guix build utils))} works as expected.
|
||
|
||
The syntactic form to construct gexps is summarized below.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Syntax} #~@var{exp}
|
||
@deffnx {Scheme Syntax} (gexp @var{exp})
|
||
Return a G-expression containing @var{exp}. @var{exp} may contain one
|
||
or more of the following forms:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item #$@var{obj}
|
||
@itemx (ungexp @var{obj})
|
||
Introduce a reference to @var{obj}. @var{obj} may have one of the
|
||
supported types, for example a package or a
|
||
derivation, in which case the @code{ungexp} form is replaced by its
|
||
output file name---e.g., @code{"/gnu/store/@dots{}-coreutils-8.22}.
|
||
|
||
If @var{obj} is a list, it is traversed and references to supported
|
||
objects are substituted similarly.
|
||
|
||
If @var{obj} is another gexp, its contents are inserted and its
|
||
dependencies are added to those of the containing gexp.
|
||
|
||
If @var{obj} is another kind of object, it is inserted as is.
|
||
|
||
@item #$@var{obj}:@var{output}
|
||
@itemx (ungexp @var{obj} @var{output})
|
||
This is like the form above, but referring explicitly to the
|
||
@var{output} of @var{obj}---this is useful when @var{obj} produces
|
||
multiple outputs (@pxref{Packages with Multiple Outputs}).
|
||
|
||
@item #+@var{obj}
|
||
@itemx #+@var{obj}:output
|
||
@itemx (ungexp-native @var{obj})
|
||
@itemx (ungexp-native @var{obj} @var{output})
|
||
Same as @code{ungexp}, but produces a reference to the @emph{native}
|
||
build of @var{obj} when used in a cross compilation context.
|
||
|
||
@item #$output[:@var{output}]
|
||
@itemx (ungexp output [@var{output}])
|
||
Insert a reference to derivation output @var{output}, or to the main
|
||
output when @var{output} is omitted.
|
||
|
||
This only makes sense for gexps passed to @code{gexp->derivation}.
|
||
|
||
@item #$@@@var{lst}
|
||
@itemx (ungexp-splicing @var{lst})
|
||
Like the above, but splices the contents of @var{lst} inside the
|
||
containing list.
|
||
|
||
@item #+@@@var{lst}
|
||
@itemx (ungexp-native-splicing @var{lst})
|
||
Like the above, but refers to native builds of the objects listed in
|
||
@var{lst}.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
G-expressions created by @code{gexp} or @code{#~} are run-time objects
|
||
of the @code{gexp?} type (see below.)
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Syntax} with-imported-modules @var{modules} @var{body}@dots{}
|
||
Mark the gexps defined in @var{body}@dots{} as requiring @var{modules}
|
||
in their execution environment. @var{modules} must be a list of Guile
|
||
module names, such as @code{'((guix build utils) (guix build gremlin))}.
|
||
|
||
This form has @emph{lexical} scope: it has an effect on the gexps
|
||
directly defined in @var{body}@dots{}, but not on those defined, say, in
|
||
procedures called from @var{body}@dots{}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} gexp? @var{obj}
|
||
Return @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a G-expression.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
G-expressions are meant to be written to disk, either as code building
|
||
some derivation, or as plain files in the store. The monadic procedures
|
||
below allow you to do that (@pxref{The Store Monad}, for more
|
||
information about monads.)
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} gexp->derivation @var{name} @var{exp} @
|
||
[#:system (%current-system)] [#:target #f] [#:graft? #t] @
|
||
[#:hash #f] [#:hash-algo #f] @
|
||
[#:recursive? #f] [#:env-vars '()] [#:modules '()] @
|
||
[#:module-path @var{%load-path}] @
|
||
[#:references-graphs #f] [#:allowed-references #f] @
|
||
[#:disallowed-references #f] @
|
||
[#:leaked-env-vars #f] @
|
||
[#:script-name (string-append @var{name} "-builder")] @
|
||
[#:local-build? #f] [#:substitutable? #t] [#:guile-for-build #f]
|
||
Return a derivation @var{name} that runs @var{exp} (a gexp) with
|
||
@var{guile-for-build} (a derivation) on @var{system}; @var{exp} is
|
||
stored in a file called @var{script-name}. When @var{target} is true,
|
||
it is used as the cross-compilation target triplet for packages referred
|
||
to by @var{exp}.
|
||
|
||
@var{modules} is deprecated in favor of @code{with-imported-modules}.
|
||
Its meaning is to
|
||
make @var{modules} available in the evaluation context of @var{exp};
|
||
@var{modules} is a list of names of Guile modules searched in
|
||
@var{module-path} to be copied in the store, compiled, and made available in
|
||
the load path during the execution of @var{exp}---e.g., @code{((guix
|
||
build utils) (guix build gnu-build-system))}.
|
||
|
||
@var{graft?} determines whether packages referred to by @var{exp} should be grafted when
|
||
applicable.
|
||
|
||
When @var{references-graphs} is true, it must be a list of tuples of one of the
|
||
following forms:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(@var{file-name} @var{package})
|
||
(@var{file-name} @var{package} @var{output})
|
||
(@var{file-name} @var{derivation})
|
||
(@var{file-name} @var{derivation} @var{output})
|
||
(@var{file-name} @var{store-item})
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The right-hand-side of each element of @var{references-graphs} is automatically made
|
||
an input of the build process of @var{exp}. In the build environment, each
|
||
@var{file-name} contains the reference graph of the corresponding item, in a simple
|
||
text format.
|
||
|
||
@var{allowed-references} must be either @code{#f} or a list of output names and packages.
|
||
In the latter case, the list denotes store items that the result is allowed to
|
||
refer to. Any reference to another store item will lead to a build error.
|
||
Similarly for @var{disallowed-references}, which can list items that must not be
|
||
referenced by the outputs.
|
||
|
||
The other arguments are as for @code{derivation} (@pxref{Derivations}).
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@cindex file-like objects
|
||
The @code{local-file}, @code{plain-file}, @code{computed-file},
|
||
@code{program-file}, and @code{scheme-file} procedures below return
|
||
@dfn{file-like objects}. That is, when unquoted in a G-expression,
|
||
these objects lead to a file in the store. Consider this G-expression:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
#~(system* (string-append #$glibc "/sbin/nscd") "-f"
|
||
#$(local-file "/tmp/my-nscd.conf"))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The effect here is to ``intern'' @file{/tmp/my-nscd.conf} by copying it
|
||
to the store. Once expanded, for instance @i{via}
|
||
@code{gexp->derivation}, the G-expression refers to that copy under
|
||
@file{/gnu/store}; thus, modifying or removing the file in @file{/tmp}
|
||
does not have any effect on what the G-expression does.
|
||
@code{plain-file} can be used similarly; it differs in that the file
|
||
content is directly passed as a string.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} local-file @var{file} [@var{name}] @
|
||
[#:recursive? #f] [#:select? (const #t)]
|
||
Return an object representing local file @var{file} to add to the store; this
|
||
object can be used in a gexp. If @var{file} is a relative file name, it is looked
|
||
up relative to the source file where this form appears. @var{file} will be added to
|
||
the store under @var{name}--by default the base name of @var{file}.
|
||
|
||
When @var{recursive?} is true, the contents of @var{file} are added recursively; if @var{file}
|
||
designates a flat file and @var{recursive?} is true, its contents are added, and its
|
||
permission bits are kept.
|
||
|
||
When @var{recursive?} is true, call @code{(@var{select?} @var{file}
|
||
@var{stat})} for each directory entry, where @var{file} is the entry's
|
||
absolute file name and @var{stat} is the result of @code{lstat}; exclude
|
||
entries for which @var{select?} does not return true.
|
||
|
||
This is the declarative counterpart of the @code{interned-file} monadic
|
||
procedure (@pxref{The Store Monad, @code{interned-file}}).
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} plain-file @var{name} @var{content}
|
||
Return an object representing a text file called @var{name} with the given
|
||
@var{content} (a string) to be added to the store.
|
||
|
||
This is the declarative counterpart of @code{text-file}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} computed-file @var{name} @var{gexp} @
|
||
[#:options '(#:local-build? #t)]
|
||
Return an object representing the store item @var{name}, a file or
|
||
directory computed by @var{gexp}. @var{options}
|
||
is a list of additional arguments to pass to @code{gexp->derivation}.
|
||
|
||
This is the declarative counterpart of @code{gexp->derivation}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} gexp->script @var{name} @var{exp}
|
||
Return an executable script @var{name} that runs @var{exp} using
|
||
@var{guile}, with @var{exp}'s imported modules in its search path.
|
||
|
||
The example below builds a script that simply invokes the @command{ls}
|
||
command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(use-modules (guix gexp) (gnu packages base))
|
||
|
||
(gexp->script "list-files"
|
||
#~(execl (string-append #$coreutils "/bin/ls")
|
||
"ls"))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
When ``running'' it through the store (@pxref{The Store Monad,
|
||
@code{run-with-store}}), we obtain a derivation that produces an
|
||
executable file @file{/gnu/store/@dots{}-list-files} along these lines:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
#!/gnu/store/@dots{}-guile-2.0.11/bin/guile -ds
|
||
!#
|
||
(execl (string-append "/gnu/store/@dots{}-coreutils-8.22"/bin/ls")
|
||
"ls")
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} program-file @var{name} @var{exp} @
|
||
[#:guile #f]
|
||
Return an object representing the executable store item @var{name} that
|
||
runs @var{gexp}. @var{guile} is the Guile package used to execute that
|
||
script.
|
||
|
||
This is the declarative counterpart of @code{gexp->script}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} gexp->file @var{name} @var{exp} @
|
||
[#:set-load-path? #t]
|
||
Return a derivation that builds a file @var{name} containing @var{exp}.
|
||
When @var{set-load-path?} is true, emit code in the resulting file to
|
||
set @code{%load-path} and @code{%load-compiled-path} to honor
|
||
@var{exp}'s imported modules.
|
||
|
||
The resulting file holds references to all the dependencies of @var{exp}
|
||
or a subset thereof.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} scheme-file @var{name} @var{exp}
|
||
Return an object representing the Scheme file @var{name} that contains
|
||
@var{exp}.
|
||
|
||
This is the declarative counterpart of @code{gexp->file}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} text-file* @var{name} @var{text} @dots{}
|
||
Return as a monadic value a derivation that builds a text file
|
||
containing all of @var{text}. @var{text} may list, in addition to
|
||
strings, objects of any type that can be used in a gexp: packages,
|
||
derivations, local file objects, etc. The resulting store file holds
|
||
references to all these.
|
||
|
||
This variant should be preferred over @code{text-file} anytime the file
|
||
to create will reference items from the store. This is typically the
|
||
case when building a configuration file that embeds store file names,
|
||
like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define (profile.sh)
|
||
;; Return the name of a shell script in the store that
|
||
;; initializes the 'PATH' environment variable.
|
||
(text-file* "profile.sh"
|
||
"export PATH=" coreutils "/bin:"
|
||
grep "/bin:" sed "/bin\n"))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
In this example, the resulting @file{/gnu/store/@dots{}-profile.sh} file
|
||
will reference @var{coreutils}, @var{grep}, and @var{sed}, thereby
|
||
preventing them from being garbage-collected during its lifetime.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} mixed-text-file @var{name} @var{text} @dots{}
|
||
Return an object representing store file @var{name} containing
|
||
@var{text}. @var{text} is a sequence of strings and file-like objects,
|
||
as in:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(mixed-text-file "profile"
|
||
"export PATH=" coreutils "/bin:" grep "/bin")
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This is the declarative counterpart of @code{text-file*}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
Of course, in addition to gexps embedded in ``host'' code, there are
|
||
also modules containing build tools. To make it clear that they are
|
||
meant to be used in the build stratum, these modules are kept in the
|
||
@code{(guix build @dots{})} name space.
|
||
|
||
@cindex lowering, of high-level objects in gexps
|
||
Internally, high-level objects are @dfn{lowered}, using their compiler,
|
||
to either derivations or store items. For instance, lowering a package
|
||
yields a derivation, and lowering a @code{plain-file} yields a store
|
||
item. This is achieved using the @code{lower-object} monadic procedure.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} lower-object @var{obj} [@var{system}] @
|
||
[#:target #f]
|
||
Return as a value in @var{%store-monad} the derivation or store item
|
||
corresponding to @var{obj} for @var{system}, cross-compiling for
|
||
@var{target} if @var{target} is true. @var{obj} must be an object that
|
||
has an associated gexp compiler, such as a @code{<package>}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@node Utilities
|
||
@chapter Utilities
|
||
|
||
This section describes Guix command-line utilities. Some of them are
|
||
primarily targeted at developers and users who write new package
|
||
definitions, while others are more generally useful. They complement
|
||
the Scheme programming interface of Guix in a convenient way.
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Invoking guix build:: Building packages from the command line.
|
||
* Invoking guix edit:: Editing package definitions.
|
||
* Invoking guix download:: Downloading a file and printing its hash.
|
||
* Invoking guix hash:: Computing the cryptographic hash of a file.
|
||
* Invoking guix import:: Importing package definitions.
|
||
* Invoking guix refresh:: Updating package definitions.
|
||
* Invoking guix lint:: Finding errors in package definitions.
|
||
* Invoking guix size:: Profiling disk usage.
|
||
* Invoking guix graph:: Visualizing the graph of packages.
|
||
* Invoking guix environment:: Setting up development environments.
|
||
* Invoking guix publish:: Sharing substitutes.
|
||
* Invoking guix challenge:: Challenging substitute servers.
|
||
* Invoking guix container:: Process isolation.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix build
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix build}
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix build} command builds packages or derivations and
|
||
their dependencies, and prints the resulting store paths. Note that it
|
||
does not modify the user's profile---this is the job of the
|
||
@command{guix package} command (@pxref{Invoking guix package}). Thus,
|
||
it is mainly useful for distribution developers.
|
||
|
||
The general syntax is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build @var{options} @var{package-or-derivation}@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
As an example, the following command builds the latest versions of Emacs
|
||
and of Guile, displays their build logs, and finally displays the
|
||
resulting directories:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build emacs guile
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Similarly, the following command builds all the available packages:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build --quiet --keep-going \
|
||
`guix package -A | cut -f1,2 --output-delimiter=@@`
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@var{package-or-derivation} may be either the name of a package found in
|
||
the software distribution such as @code{coreutils} or
|
||
@code{coreutils-8.20}, or a derivation such as
|
||
@file{/gnu/store/@dots{}-coreutils-8.19.drv}. In the former case, a
|
||
package with the corresponding name (and optionally version) is searched
|
||
for among the GNU distribution modules (@pxref{Package Modules}).
|
||
|
||
Alternatively, the @code{--expression} option may be used to specify a
|
||
Scheme expression that evaluates to a package; this is useful when
|
||
disambiguating among several same-named packages or package variants is
|
||
needed.
|
||
|
||
There may be zero or more @var{options}. The available options are
|
||
described in the subsections below.
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Common Build Options:: Build options for most commands.
|
||
* Package Transformation Options:: Creating variants of packages.
|
||
* Additional Build Options:: Options specific to 'guix build'.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Common Build Options
|
||
@subsection Common Build Options
|
||
|
||
A number of options that control the build process are common to
|
||
@command{guix build} and other commands that can spawn builds, such as
|
||
@command{guix package} or @command{guix archive}. These are the
|
||
following:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item --load-path=@var{directory}
|
||
@itemx -L @var{directory}
|
||
Add @var{directory} to the front of the package module search path
|
||
(@pxref{Package Modules}).
|
||
|
||
This allows users to define their own packages and make them visible to
|
||
the command-line tools.
|
||
|
||
@item --keep-failed
|
||
@itemx -K
|
||
Keep the build tree of failed builds. Thus, if a build fails, its build
|
||
tree is kept under @file{/tmp}, in a directory whose name is shown at
|
||
the end of the build log. This is useful when debugging build issues.
|
||
|
||
@item --keep-going
|
||
@itemx -k
|
||
Keep going when some of the derivations fail to build; return only once
|
||
all the builds have either completed or failed.
|
||
|
||
The default behavior is to stop as soon as one of the specified
|
||
derivations has failed.
|
||
|
||
@item --dry-run
|
||
@itemx -n
|
||
Do not build the derivations.
|
||
|
||
@item --fallback
|
||
When substituting a pre-built binary fails, fall back to building
|
||
packages locally.
|
||
|
||
@item --substitute-urls=@var{urls}
|
||
@anchor{client-substitute-urls}
|
||
Consider @var{urls} the whitespace-separated list of substitute source
|
||
URLs, overriding the default list of URLs of @command{guix-daemon}
|
||
(@pxref{daemon-substitute-urls,, @command{guix-daemon} URLs}).
|
||
|
||
This means that substitutes may be downloaded from @var{urls}, provided
|
||
they are signed by a key authorized by the system administrator
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}).
|
||
|
||
When @var{urls} is the empty string, substitutes are effectively
|
||
disabled.
|
||
|
||
@item --no-substitutes
|
||
Do not use substitutes for build products. That is, always build things
|
||
locally instead of allowing downloads of pre-built binaries
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}).
|
||
|
||
@item --no-grafts
|
||
Do not ``graft'' packages. In practice, this means that package updates
|
||
available as grafts are not applied. @xref{Security Updates}, for more
|
||
information on grafts.
|
||
|
||
@item --rounds=@var{n}
|
||
Build each derivation @var{n} times in a row, and raise an error if
|
||
consecutive build results are not bit-for-bit identical.
|
||
|
||
This is a useful way to detect non-deterministic builds processes.
|
||
Non-deterministic build processes are a problem because they make it
|
||
practically impossible for users to @emph{verify} whether third-party
|
||
binaries are genuine. @xref{Invoking guix challenge}, for more.
|
||
|
||
Note that, currently, the differing build results are not kept around,
|
||
so you will have to manually investigate in case of an error---e.g., by
|
||
stashing one of the build results with @code{guix archive --export}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix archive}), then rebuilding, and finally comparing
|
||
the two results.
|
||
|
||
@item --no-build-hook
|
||
Do not attempt to offload builds @i{via} the ``build hook'' of the daemon
|
||
(@pxref{Daemon Offload Setup}). That is, always build things locally
|
||
instead of offloading builds to remote machines.
|
||
|
||
@item --max-silent-time=@var{seconds}
|
||
When the build or substitution process remains silent for more than
|
||
@var{seconds}, terminate it and report a build failure.
|
||
|
||
@item --timeout=@var{seconds}
|
||
Likewise, when the build or substitution process lasts for more than
|
||
@var{seconds}, terminate it and report a build failure.
|
||
|
||
By default there is no timeout. This behavior can be restored with
|
||
@code{--timeout=0}.
|
||
|
||
@item --verbosity=@var{level}
|
||
Use the given verbosity level. @var{level} must be an integer between 0
|
||
and 5; higher means more verbose output. Setting a level of 4 or more
|
||
may be helpful when debugging setup issues with the build daemon.
|
||
|
||
@item --cores=@var{n}
|
||
@itemx -c @var{n}
|
||
Allow the use of up to @var{n} CPU cores for the build. The special
|
||
value @code{0} means to use as many CPU cores as available.
|
||
|
||
@item --max-jobs=@var{n}
|
||
@itemx -M @var{n}
|
||
Allow at most @var{n} build jobs in parallel. @xref{Invoking
|
||
guix-daemon, @code{--max-jobs}}, for details about this option and the
|
||
equivalent @command{guix-daemon} option.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
Behind the scenes, @command{guix build} is essentially an interface to
|
||
the @code{package-derivation} procedure of the @code{(guix packages)}
|
||
module, and to the @code{build-derivations} procedure of the @code{(guix
|
||
derivations)} module.
|
||
|
||
In addition to options explicitly passed on the command line,
|
||
@command{guix build} and other @command{guix} commands that support
|
||
building honor the @code{GUIX_BUILD_OPTIONS} environment variable.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Environment Variable} GUIX_BUILD_OPTIONS
|
||
Users can define this variable to a list of command line options that
|
||
will automatically be used by @command{guix build} and other
|
||
@command{guix} commands that can perform builds, as in the example
|
||
below:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ export GUIX_BUILD_OPTIONS="--no-substitutes -c 2 -L /foo/bar"
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
These options are parsed independently, and the result is appended to
|
||
the parsed command-line options.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Package Transformation Options
|
||
@subsection Package Transformation Options
|
||
|
||
@cindex package variants
|
||
Another set of command-line options supported by @command{guix build}
|
||
and also @command{guix package} are @dfn{package transformation
|
||
options}. These are options that make it possible to define @dfn{package
|
||
variants}---for instance, packages built from different source code.
|
||
This is a convenient way to create customized packages on the fly
|
||
without having to type in the definitions of package variants
|
||
(@pxref{Defining Packages}).
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item --with-source=@var{source}
|
||
Use @var{source} as the source of the corresponding package.
|
||
@var{source} must be a file name or a URL, as for @command{guix
|
||
download} (@pxref{Invoking guix download}).
|
||
|
||
The ``corresponding package'' is taken to be the one specified on the
|
||
command line the name of which matches the base of @var{source}---e.g.,
|
||
if @var{source} is @code{/src/guile-2.0.10.tar.gz}, the corresponding
|
||
package is @code{guile}. Likewise, the version string is inferred from
|
||
@var{source}; in the previous example, it is @code{2.0.10}.
|
||
|
||
This option allows users to try out versions of packages other than the
|
||
one provided by the distribution. The example below downloads
|
||
@file{ed-1.7.tar.gz} from a GNU mirror and uses that as the source for
|
||
the @code{ed} package:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build ed --with-source=mirror://gnu/ed/ed-1.7.tar.gz
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
As a developer, @code{--with-source} makes it easy to test release
|
||
candidates:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build guile --with-source=../guile-2.0.9.219-e1bb7.tar.xz
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@dots{} or to build from a checkout in a pristine environment:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ git clone git://git.sv.gnu.org/guix.git
|
||
$ guix build guix --with-source=./guix
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item --with-input=@var{package}=@var{replacement}
|
||
Replace dependency on @var{package} by a dependency on
|
||
@var{replacement}. @var{package} must be a package name, and
|
||
@var{replacement} must be a package specification such as @code{guile}
|
||
or @code{guile@@1.8}.
|
||
|
||
For instance, the following command builds Guix, but replaces its
|
||
dependency on the current stable version of Guile with a dependency on
|
||
the development version of Guile, @code{guile-next}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build --with-input=guile=guile-next guix
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This is a recursive, deep replacement. So in this example, both
|
||
@code{guix} and its dependency @code{guile-json} (which also depends on
|
||
@code{guile}) get rebuilt against @code{guile-next}.
|
||
|
||
However, implicit inputs are left unchanged.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@node Additional Build Options
|
||
@subsection Additional Build Options
|
||
|
||
The command-line options presented below are specific to @command{guix
|
||
build}.
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item --quiet
|
||
@itemx -q
|
||
Build quietly, without displaying the build log. Upon completion, the
|
||
build log is kept in @file{/var} (or similar) and can always be
|
||
retrieved using the @option{--log-file} option.
|
||
|
||
@item --file=@var{file}
|
||
@itemx -f @var{file}
|
||
|
||
Build the package or derivation that the code within @var{file}
|
||
evaluates to.
|
||
|
||
As an example, @var{file} might contain a package definition like this
|
||
(@pxref{Defining Packages}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
@verbatiminclude package-hello.scm
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item --expression=@var{expr}
|
||
@itemx -e @var{expr}
|
||
Build the package or derivation @var{expr} evaluates to.
|
||
|
||
For example, @var{expr} may be @code{(@@ (gnu packages guile)
|
||
guile-1.8)}, which unambiguously designates this specific variant of
|
||
version 1.8 of Guile.
|
||
|
||
Alternatively, @var{expr} may be a G-expression, in which case it is used
|
||
as a build program passed to @code{gexp->derivation}
|
||
(@pxref{G-Expressions}).
|
||
|
||
Lastly, @var{expr} may refer to a zero-argument monadic procedure
|
||
(@pxref{The Store Monad}). The procedure must return a derivation as a
|
||
monadic value, which is then passed through @code{run-with-store}.
|
||
|
||
@item --source
|
||
@itemx -S
|
||
Build the source derivations of the packages, rather than the packages
|
||
themselves.
|
||
|
||
For instance, @code{guix build -S gcc} returns something like
|
||
@file{/gnu/store/@dots{}-gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2}, which is the GCC
|
||
source tarball.
|
||
|
||
The returned source tarball is the result of applying any patches and
|
||
code snippets specified in the package @code{origin} (@pxref{Defining
|
||
Packages}).
|
||
|
||
@item --sources
|
||
Fetch and return the source of @var{package-or-derivation} and all their
|
||
dependencies, recursively. This is a handy way to obtain a local copy
|
||
of all the source code needed to build @var{packages}, allowing you to
|
||
eventually build them even without network access. It is an extension
|
||
of the @code{--source} option and can accept one of the following
|
||
optional argument values:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item package
|
||
This value causes the @code{--sources} option to behave in the same way
|
||
as the @code{--source} option.
|
||
|
||
@item all
|
||
Build the source derivations of all packages, including any source that
|
||
might be listed as @code{inputs}. This is the default value.
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix build --sources tzdata
|
||
The following derivations will be built:
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-tzdata2015b.tar.gz.drv
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-tzcode2015b.tar.gz.drv
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item transitive
|
||
Build the source derivations of all packages, as well of all transitive
|
||
inputs to the packages. This can be used e.g. to
|
||
prefetch package source for later offline building.
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix build --sources=transitive tzdata
|
||
The following derivations will be built:
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-tzcode2015b.tar.gz.drv
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-findutils-4.4.2.tar.xz.drv
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-grep-2.21.tar.xz.drv
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-coreutils-8.23.tar.xz.drv
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-make-4.1.tar.xz.drv
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-bash-4.3.tar.xz.drv
|
||
@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@item --system=@var{system}
|
||
@itemx -s @var{system}
|
||
Attempt to build for @var{system}---e.g., @code{i686-linux}---instead of
|
||
the system type of the build host.
|
||
|
||
An example use of this is on Linux-based systems, which can emulate
|
||
different personalities. For instance, passing
|
||
@code{--system=i686-linux} on an @code{x86_64-linux} system allows users
|
||
to build packages in a complete 32-bit environment.
|
||
|
||
@item --target=@var{triplet}
|
||
@cindex cross-compilation
|
||
Cross-build for @var{triplet}, which must be a valid GNU triplet, such
|
||
as @code{"mips64el-linux-gnu"} (@pxref{Configuration Names, GNU
|
||
configuration triplets,, configure, GNU Configure and Build System}).
|
||
|
||
@anchor{build-check}
|
||
@item --check
|
||
@cindex determinism, checking
|
||
@cindex reproducibility, checking
|
||
Rebuild @var{package-or-derivation}, which are already available in the
|
||
store, and raise an error if the build results are not bit-for-bit
|
||
identical.
|
||
|
||
This mechanism allows you to check whether previously installed
|
||
substitutes are genuine (@pxref{Substitutes}), or whether the build result
|
||
of a package is deterministic. @xref{Invoking guix challenge}, for more
|
||
background information and tools.
|
||
|
||
When used in conjunction with @option{--keep-failed}, the differing
|
||
output is kept in the store, under @file{/gnu/store/@dots{}-check}.
|
||
This makes it easy to look for differences between the two results.
|
||
|
||
@item --derivations
|
||
@itemx -d
|
||
Return the derivation paths, not the output paths, of the given
|
||
packages.
|
||
|
||
@item --root=@var{file}
|
||
@itemx -r @var{file}
|
||
Make @var{file} a symlink to the result, and register it as a garbage
|
||
collector root.
|
||
|
||
@item --log-file
|
||
Return the build log file names or URLs for the given
|
||
@var{package-or-derivation}, or raise an error if build logs are
|
||
missing.
|
||
|
||
This works regardless of how packages or derivations are specified. For
|
||
instance, the following invocations are equivalent:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build --log-file `guix build -d guile`
|
||
guix build --log-file `guix build guile`
|
||
guix build --log-file guile
|
||
guix build --log-file -e '(@@ (gnu packages guile) guile-2.0)'
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
If a log is unavailable locally, and unless @code{--no-substitutes} is
|
||
passed, the command looks for a corresponding log on one of the
|
||
substitute servers (as specified with @code{--substitute-urls}.)
|
||
|
||
So for instance, imagine you want to see the build log of GDB on MIPS,
|
||
but you are actually on an @code{x86_64} machine:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix build --log-file gdb -s mips64el-linux
|
||
https://hydra.gnu.org/log/@dots{}-gdb-7.10
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
You can freely access a huge library of build logs!
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix edit
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix edit}
|
||
|
||
@cindex package definition, editing
|
||
So many packages, so many source files! The @command{guix edit} command
|
||
facilitates the life of users and packagers by pointing their editor at
|
||
the source file containing the definition of the specified packages.
|
||
For instance:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix edit gcc@@4.9 vim
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
launches the program specified in the @code{VISUAL} or in the
|
||
@code{EDITOR} environment variable to view the recipe of GCC@tie{}4.9.3
|
||
and that of Vim.
|
||
|
||
If you are using a Guix Git checkout (@pxref{Building from Git}), or
|
||
have created your own packages on @code{GUIX_PACKAGE_PATH}
|
||
(@pxref{Defining Packages}), you will be able to edit the package
|
||
recipes. Otherwise, you will be able to examine the read-only recipes
|
||
for packages currently in the store.
|
||
|
||
If you are using Emacs, note that the Emacs user interface provides the
|
||
@kbd{M-x guix-edit} command and a similar functionality in the ``package
|
||
info'' and ``package list'' buffers created by the @kbd{M-x
|
||
guix-search-by-name} and similar commands (@pxref{Emacs Commands}).
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix download
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix download}
|
||
|
||
When writing a package definition, developers typically need to download
|
||
a source tarball, compute its SHA256 hash, and write that
|
||
hash in the package definition (@pxref{Defining Packages}). The
|
||
@command{guix download} tool helps with this task: it downloads a file
|
||
from the given URI, adds it to the store, and prints both its file name
|
||
in the store and its SHA256 hash.
|
||
|
||
The fact that the downloaded file is added to the store saves bandwidth:
|
||
when the developer eventually tries to build the newly defined package
|
||
with @command{guix build}, the source tarball will not have to be
|
||
downloaded again because it is already in the store. It is also a
|
||
convenient way to temporarily stash files, which may be deleted
|
||
eventually (@pxref{Invoking guix gc}).
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix download} command supports the same URIs as used in
|
||
package definitions. In particular, it supports @code{mirror://} URIs.
|
||
@code{https} URIs (HTTP over TLS) are supported @emph{provided} the
|
||
Guile bindings for GnuTLS are available in the user's environment; when
|
||
they are not available, an error is raised. @xref{Guile Preparations,
|
||
how to install the GnuTLS bindings for Guile,, gnutls-guile,
|
||
GnuTLS-Guile}, for more information.
|
||
|
||
The following option is available:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --format=@var{fmt}
|
||
@itemx -f @var{fmt}
|
||
Write the hash in the format specified by @var{fmt}. For more
|
||
information on the valid values for @var{fmt}, @pxref{Invoking guix hash}.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix hash
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix hash}
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix hash} command computes the SHA256 hash of a file.
|
||
It is primarily a convenience tool for anyone contributing to the
|
||
distribution: it computes the cryptographic hash of a file, which can be
|
||
used in the definition of a package (@pxref{Defining Packages}).
|
||
|
||
The general syntax is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix hash @var{option} @var{file}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@command{guix hash} has the following option:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item --format=@var{fmt}
|
||
@itemx -f @var{fmt}
|
||
Write the hash in the format specified by @var{fmt}.
|
||
|
||
Supported formats: @code{nix-base32}, @code{base32}, @code{base16}
|
||
(@code{hex} and @code{hexadecimal} can be used as well).
|
||
|
||
If the @option{--format} option is not specified, @command{guix hash}
|
||
will output the hash in @code{nix-base32}. This representation is used
|
||
in the definitions of packages.
|
||
|
||
@item --recursive
|
||
@itemx -r
|
||
Compute the hash on @var{file} recursively.
|
||
|
||
In this case, the hash is computed on an archive containing @var{file},
|
||
including its children if it is a directory. Some of the metadata of
|
||
@var{file} is part of the archive; for instance, when @var{file} is a
|
||
regular file, the hash is different depending on whether @var{file} is
|
||
executable or not. Metadata such as time stamps has no impact on the
|
||
hash (@pxref{Invoking guix archive}).
|
||
@c FIXME: Replace xref above with xref to an ``Archive'' section when
|
||
@c it exists.
|
||
|
||
@vindex git-fetch
|
||
As an example, here is how you would compute the hash of a Git checkout,
|
||
which is useful when using the @code{git-fetch} method (@pxref{origin
|
||
Reference}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ git clone http://example.org/foo.git
|
||
$ cd foo
|
||
$ rm -rf .git
|
||
$ guix hash -r .
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix import
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix import}
|
||
|
||
@cindex importing packages
|
||
@cindex package import
|
||
@cindex package conversion
|
||
The @command{guix import} command is useful for people who would like to
|
||
add a package to the distribution with as little work as
|
||
possible---a legitimate demand. The command knows of a few
|
||
repositories from which it can ``import'' package metadata. The result
|
||
is a package definition, or a template thereof, in the format we know
|
||
(@pxref{Defining Packages}).
|
||
|
||
The general syntax is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix import @var{importer} @var{options}@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@var{importer} specifies the source from which to import package
|
||
metadata, and @var{options} specifies a package identifier and other
|
||
options specific to @var{importer}. Currently, the available
|
||
``importers'' are:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item gnu
|
||
Import metadata for the given GNU package. This provides a template
|
||
for the latest version of that GNU package, including the hash of its
|
||
source tarball, and its canonical synopsis and description.
|
||
|
||
Additional information such as the package dependencies and its
|
||
license needs to be figured out manually.
|
||
|
||
For example, the following command returns a package definition for
|
||
GNU@tie{}Hello:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix import gnu hello
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Specific command-line options are:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --key-download=@var{policy}
|
||
As for @code{guix refresh}, specify the policy to handle missing OpenPGP
|
||
keys when verifying the package signature. @xref{Invoking guix
|
||
refresh, @code{--key-download}}.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@item pypi
|
||
@cindex pypi
|
||
Import metadata from the @uref{https://pypi.python.org/, Python Package
|
||
Index}@footnote{This functionality requires Guile-JSON to be installed.
|
||
@xref{Requirements}.}. Information is taken from the JSON-formatted
|
||
description available at @code{pypi.python.org} and usually includes all
|
||
the relevant information, including package dependencies. For maximum
|
||
efficiency, it is recommended to install the @command{unzip} utility, so
|
||
that the importer can unzip Python wheels and gather data from them.
|
||
|
||
The command below imports metadata for the @code{itsdangerous} Python
|
||
package:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix import pypi itsdangerous
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item gem
|
||
@cindex gem
|
||
Import metadata from @uref{https://rubygems.org/,
|
||
RubyGems}@footnote{This functionality requires Guile-JSON to be
|
||
installed. @xref{Requirements}.}. Information is taken from the
|
||
JSON-formatted description available at @code{rubygems.org} and includes
|
||
most relevant information, including runtime dependencies. There are
|
||
some caveats, however. The metadata doesn't distinguish between
|
||
synopses and descriptions, so the same string is used for both fields.
|
||
Additionally, the details of non-Ruby dependencies required to build
|
||
native extensions is unavailable and left as an exercise to the
|
||
packager.
|
||
|
||
The command below imports metadata for the @code{rails} Ruby package:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix import gem rails
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item cpan
|
||
@cindex CPAN
|
||
Import metadata from @uref{https://www.metacpan.org/, MetaCPAN}@footnote{This
|
||
functionality requires Guile-JSON to be installed.
|
||
@xref{Requirements}.}.
|
||
Information is taken from the JSON-formatted metadata provided through
|
||
@uref{https://api.metacpan.org/, MetaCPAN's API} and includes most
|
||
relevant information, such as module dependencies. License information
|
||
should be checked closely. If Perl is available in the store, then the
|
||
@code{corelist} utility will be used to filter core modules out of the
|
||
list of dependencies.
|
||
|
||
The command command below imports metadata for the @code{Acme::Boolean}
|
||
Perl module:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix import cpan Acme::Boolean
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item cran
|
||
@cindex CRAN
|
||
@cindex Bioconductor
|
||
Import metadata from @uref{http://cran.r-project.org/, CRAN}, the
|
||
central repository for the @uref{http://r-project.org, GNU@tie{}R
|
||
statistical and graphical environment}.
|
||
|
||
Information is extracted from the @code{DESCRIPTION} file of the package.
|
||
|
||
The command command below imports metadata for the @code{Cairo}
|
||
R package:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix import cran Cairo
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
When @code{--archive=bioconductor} is added, metadata is imported from
|
||
@uref{http://www.bioconductor.org/, Bioconductor}, a repository of R
|
||
packages for for the analysis and comprehension of high-throughput
|
||
genomic data in bioinformatics.
|
||
|
||
Information is extracted from the @code{DESCRIPTION} file of a package
|
||
published on the web interface of the Bioconductor SVN repository.
|
||
|
||
The command below imports metadata for the @code{GenomicRanges}
|
||
R package:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix import cran --archive=bioconductor GenomicRanges
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item nix
|
||
Import metadata from a local copy of the source of the
|
||
@uref{http://nixos.org/nixpkgs/, Nixpkgs distribution}@footnote{This
|
||
relies on the @command{nix-instantiate} command of
|
||
@uref{http://nixos.org/nix/, Nix}.}. Package definitions in Nixpkgs are
|
||
typically written in a mixture of Nix-language and Bash code. This
|
||
command only imports the high-level package structure that is written in
|
||
the Nix language. It normally includes all the basic fields of a
|
||
package definition.
|
||
|
||
When importing a GNU package, the synopsis and descriptions are replaced
|
||
by their canonical upstream variant.
|
||
|
||
Usually, you will first need to do:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
export NIX_REMOTE=daemon
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
so that @command{nix-instantiate} does not try to open the Nix database.
|
||
|
||
As an example, the command below imports the package definition of
|
||
LibreOffice (more precisely, it imports the definition of the package
|
||
bound to the @code{libreoffice} top-level attribute):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix import nix ~/path/to/nixpkgs libreoffice
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item hackage
|
||
@cindex hackage
|
||
Import metadata from the Haskell community's central package archive
|
||
@uref{https://hackage.haskell.org/, Hackage}. Information is taken from
|
||
Cabal files and includes all the relevant information, including package
|
||
dependencies.
|
||
|
||
Specific command-line options are:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --stdin
|
||
@itemx -s
|
||
Read a Cabal file from standard input.
|
||
@item --no-test-dependencies
|
||
@itemx -t
|
||
Do not include dependencies required only by the test suites.
|
||
@item --cabal-environment=@var{alist}
|
||
@itemx -e @var{alist}
|
||
@var{alist} is a Scheme alist defining the environment in which the
|
||
Cabal conditionals are evaluated. The accepted keys are: @code{os},
|
||
@code{arch}, @code{impl} and a string representing the name of a flag.
|
||
The value associated with a flag has to be either the symbol
|
||
@code{true} or @code{false}. The value associated with other keys
|
||
has to conform to the Cabal file format definition. The default value
|
||
associated with the keys @code{os}, @code{arch} and @code{impl} is
|
||
@samp{linux}, @samp{x86_64} and @samp{ghc}, respectively.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
The command below imports metadata for the latest version of the
|
||
@code{HTTP} Haskell package without including test dependencies and
|
||
specifying the value of the flag @samp{network-uri} as @code{false}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix import hackage -t -e "'((\"network-uri\" . false))" HTTP
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
A specific package version may optionally be specified by following the
|
||
package name by an at-sign and a version number as in the following example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix import hackage mtl@@2.1.3.1
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item elpa
|
||
@cindex elpa
|
||
Import metadata from an Emacs Lisp Package Archive (ELPA) package
|
||
repository (@pxref{Packages,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
|
||
|
||
Specific command-line options are:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --archive=@var{repo}
|
||
@itemx -a @var{repo}
|
||
@var{repo} identifies the archive repository from which to retrieve the
|
||
information. Currently the supported repositories and their identifiers
|
||
are:
|
||
@itemize -
|
||
@item
|
||
@uref{http://elpa.gnu.org/packages, GNU}, selected by the @code{gnu}
|
||
identifier. This is the default.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
@uref{http://stable.melpa.org/packages, MELPA-Stable}, selected by the
|
||
@code{melpa-stable} identifier.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
@uref{http://melpa.org/packages, MELPA}, selected by the @code{melpa}
|
||
identifier.
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
The structure of the @command{guix import} code is modular. It would be
|
||
useful to have more importers for other package formats, and your help
|
||
is welcome here (@pxref{Contributing}).
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix refresh
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix refresh}
|
||
|
||
The primary audience of the @command{guix refresh} command is developers
|
||
of the GNU software distribution. By default, it reports any packages
|
||
provided by the distribution that are outdated compared to the latest
|
||
upstream version, like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix refresh
|
||
gnu/packages/gettext.scm:29:13: gettext would be upgraded from 0.18.1.1 to 0.18.2.1
|
||
gnu/packages/glib.scm:77:12: glib would be upgraded from 2.34.3 to 2.37.0
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
It does so by browsing the FTP directory of each package and determining
|
||
the highest version number of the source tarballs therein. The command
|
||
knows how to update specific types of packages: GNU packages, ELPA
|
||
packages, etc.---see the documentation for @option{--type} below. The
|
||
are many packages, though, for which it lacks a method to determine
|
||
whether a new upstream release is available. However, the mechanism is
|
||
extensible, so feel free to get in touch with us to add a new method!
|
||
|
||
When passed @code{--update}, it modifies distribution source files to
|
||
update the version numbers and source tarball hashes of those package
|
||
recipes (@pxref{Defining Packages}). This is achieved by downloading
|
||
each package's latest source tarball and its associated OpenPGP
|
||
signature, authenticating the downloaded tarball against its signature
|
||
using @command{gpg}, and finally computing its hash. When the public
|
||
key used to sign the tarball is missing from the user's keyring, an
|
||
attempt is made to automatically retrieve it from a public key server;
|
||
when this is successful, the key is added to the user's keyring; otherwise,
|
||
@command{guix refresh} reports an error.
|
||
|
||
The following options are supported:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item --expression=@var{expr}
|
||
@itemx -e @var{expr}
|
||
Consider the package @var{expr} evaluates to.
|
||
|
||
This is useful to precisely refer to a package, as in this example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix refresh -l -e '(@@@@ (gnu packages commencement) glibc-final)'
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This command lists the dependents of the ``final'' libc (essentially all
|
||
the packages.)
|
||
|
||
@item --update
|
||
@itemx -u
|
||
Update distribution source files (package recipes) in place. This is
|
||
usually run from a checkout of the Guix source tree (@pxref{Running
|
||
Guix Before It Is Installed}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ ./pre-inst-env guix refresh -s non-core
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@xref{Defining Packages}, for more information on package definitions.
|
||
|
||
@item --select=[@var{subset}]
|
||
@itemx -s @var{subset}
|
||
Select all the packages in @var{subset}, one of @code{core} or
|
||
@code{non-core}.
|
||
|
||
The @code{core} subset refers to all the packages at the core of the
|
||
distribution---i.e., packages that are used to build ``everything
|
||
else''. This includes GCC, libc, Binutils, Bash, etc. Usually,
|
||
changing one of these packages in the distribution entails a rebuild of
|
||
all the others. Thus, such updates are an inconvenience to users in
|
||
terms of build time or bandwidth used to achieve the upgrade.
|
||
|
||
The @code{non-core} subset refers to the remaining packages. It is
|
||
typically useful in cases where an update of the core packages would be
|
||
inconvenient.
|
||
|
||
@item --type=@var{updater}
|
||
@itemx -t @var{updater}
|
||
Select only packages handled by @var{updater} (may be a comma-separated
|
||
list of updaters). Currently, @var{updater} may be one of:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item gnu
|
||
the updater for GNU packages;
|
||
@item gnome
|
||
the updater for GNOME packages;
|
||
@item kde
|
||
the updater for KDE packages;
|
||
@item xorg
|
||
the updater for X.org packages;
|
||
@item elpa
|
||
the updater for @uref{http://elpa.gnu.org/, ELPA} packages;
|
||
@item cran
|
||
the updater for @uref{http://cran.r-project.org/, CRAN} packages;
|
||
@item bioconductor
|
||
the updater for @uref{http://www.bioconductor.org/, Bioconductor} R packages;
|
||
@item pypi
|
||
the updater for @uref{https://pypi.python.org, PyPI} packages.
|
||
@item gem
|
||
the updater for @uref{https://rubygems.org, RubyGems} packages.
|
||
@item github
|
||
the updater for @uref{https://github.com, GitHub} packages.
|
||
@item hackage
|
||
the updater for @uref{https://hackage.haskell.org, Hackage} packages.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
For instance, the following command only checks for updates of Emacs
|
||
packages hosted at @code{elpa.gnu.org} and for updates of CRAN packages:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix refresh --type=elpa,cran
|
||
gnu/packages/statistics.scm:819:13: r-testthat would be upgraded from 0.10.0 to 0.11.0
|
||
gnu/packages/emacs.scm:856:13: emacs-auctex would be upgraded from 11.88.6 to 11.88.9
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
In addition, @command{guix refresh} can be passed one or more package
|
||
names, as in this example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ ./pre-inst-env guix refresh -u emacs idutils gcc-4.8.4
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
The command above specifically updates the @code{emacs} and
|
||
@code{idutils} packages. The @code{--select} option would have no
|
||
effect in this case.
|
||
|
||
When considering whether to upgrade a package, it is sometimes
|
||
convenient to know which packages would be affected by the upgrade and
|
||
should be checked for compatibility. For this the following option may
|
||
be used when passing @command{guix refresh} one or more package names:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item --list-updaters
|
||
@itemx -L
|
||
List available updaters and exit (see @option{--type} above.)
|
||
|
||
@item --list-dependent
|
||
@itemx -l
|
||
List top-level dependent packages that would need to be rebuilt as a
|
||
result of upgrading one or more packages.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
Be aware that the @code{--list-dependent} option only
|
||
@emph{approximates} the rebuilds that would be required as a result of
|
||
an upgrade. More rebuilds might be required under some circumstances.
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix refresh --list-dependent flex
|
||
Building the following 120 packages would ensure 213 dependent packages are rebuilt:
|
||
hop-2.4.0 geiser-0.4 notmuch-0.18 mu-0.9.9.5 cflow-1.4 idutils-4.6 @dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The command above lists a set of packages that could be built to check
|
||
for compatibility with an upgraded @code{flex} package.
|
||
|
||
The following options can be used to customize GnuPG operation:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item --gpg=@var{command}
|
||
Use @var{command} as the GnuPG 2.x command. @var{command} is searched
|
||
for in @code{$PATH}.
|
||
|
||
@item --key-download=@var{policy}
|
||
Handle missing OpenPGP keys according to @var{policy}, which may be one
|
||
of:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item always
|
||
Always download missing OpenPGP keys from the key server, and add them
|
||
to the user's GnuPG keyring.
|
||
|
||
@item never
|
||
Never try to download missing OpenPGP keys. Instead just bail out.
|
||
|
||
@item interactive
|
||
When a package signed with an unknown OpenPGP key is encountered, ask
|
||
the user whether to download it or not. This is the default behavior.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@item --key-server=@var{host}
|
||
Use @var{host} as the OpenPGP key server when importing a public key.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
The @code{github} updater uses the
|
||
@uref{https://developer.github.com/v3/, GitHub API} to query for new
|
||
releases. When used repeatedly e.g. when refreshing all packages,
|
||
GitHub will eventually refuse to answer any further API requests. By
|
||
default 60 API requests per hour are allowed, and a full refresh on all
|
||
GitHub packages in Guix requires more than this. Authentication with
|
||
GitHub through the use of an API token alleviates these limits. To use
|
||
an API token, set the environment variable @code{GUIX_GITHUB_TOKEN} to a
|
||
token procured from @uref{https://github.com/settings/tokens} or
|
||
otherwise.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix lint
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix lint}
|
||
The @command{guix lint} command is meant to help package developers avoid
|
||
common errors and use a consistent style. It runs a number of checks on
|
||
a given set of packages in order to find common mistakes in their
|
||
definitions. Available @dfn{checkers} include (see
|
||
@code{--list-checkers} for a complete list):
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item synopsis
|
||
@itemx description
|
||
Validate certain typographical and stylistic rules about package
|
||
descriptions and synopses.
|
||
|
||
@item inputs-should-be-native
|
||
Identify inputs that should most likely be native inputs.
|
||
|
||
@item source
|
||
@itemx home-page
|
||
@itemx source-file-name
|
||
Probe @code{home-page} and @code{source} URLs and report those that are
|
||
invalid. Check that the source file name is meaningful, e.g. is not
|
||
just a version number or ``git-checkout'', without a declared
|
||
@code{file-name} (@pxref{origin Reference}).
|
||
|
||
@item cve
|
||
@cindex security vulnerabilities
|
||
@cindex CVE, Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
|
||
Report known vulnerabilities found in the Common Vulnerabilities and
|
||
Exposures (CVE) databases of the current and past year
|
||
@uref{https://nvd.nist.gov/download.cfm#CVE_FEED, published by the US
|
||
NIST}.
|
||
|
||
To view information about a particular vulnerability, visit pages such as:
|
||
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item
|
||
@indicateurl{https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-YYYY-ABCD}
|
||
@item
|
||
@indicateurl{https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-YYYY-ABCD}
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
where @code{CVE-YYYY-ABCD} is the CVE identifier---e.g.,
|
||
@code{CVE-2015-7554}.
|
||
|
||
Package developers can specify in package recipes the
|
||
@uref{https://nvd.nist.gov/cpe.cfm,Common Platform Enumeration (CPE)}
|
||
name and version of the package when they differ from the name that Guix
|
||
uses, as in this example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(package
|
||
(name "grub")
|
||
;; @dots{}
|
||
;; CPE calls this package "grub2".
|
||
(properties '((cpe-name . "grub2"))))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item formatting
|
||
Warn about obvious source code formatting issues: trailing white space,
|
||
use of tabulations, etc.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
The general syntax is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix lint @var{options} @var{package}@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
If no package is given on the command line, then all packages are checked.
|
||
The @var{options} may be zero or more of the following:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --list-checkers
|
||
@itemx -l
|
||
List and describe all the available checkers that will be run on packages
|
||
and exit.
|
||
|
||
@item --checkers
|
||
@itemx -c
|
||
Only enable the checkers specified in a comma-separated list using the
|
||
names returned by @code{--list-checkers}.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix size
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix size}
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix size} command helps package developers profile the
|
||
disk usage of packages. It is easy to overlook the impact of an
|
||
additional dependency added to a package, or the impact of using a
|
||
single output for a package that could easily be split (@pxref{Packages
|
||
with Multiple Outputs}). Such are the typical issues that
|
||
@command{guix size} can highlight.
|
||
|
||
The command can be passed a package specification such as @code{gcc-4.8}
|
||
or @code{guile:debug}, or a file name in the store. Consider this
|
||
example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix size coreutils
|
||
store item total self
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-coreutils-8.23 70.0 13.9 19.8%
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-gmp-6.0.0a 55.3 2.5 3.6%
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-acl-2.2.52 53.7 0.5 0.7%
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-attr-2.4.46 53.2 0.3 0.5%
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-gcc-4.8.4-lib 52.9 15.7 22.4%
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-glibc-2.21 37.2 37.2 53.1%
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@cindex closure
|
||
The store items listed here constitute the @dfn{transitive closure} of
|
||
Coreutils---i.e., Coreutils and all its dependencies, recursively---as
|
||
would be returned by:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix gc -R /gnu/store/@dots{}-coreutils-8.23
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Here the output shows three columns next to store items. The first column,
|
||
labeled ``total'', shows the size in mebibytes (MiB) of the closure of
|
||
the store item---that is, its own size plus the size of all its
|
||
dependencies. The next column, labeled ``self'', shows the size of the
|
||
item itself. The last column shows the ratio of the size of the item
|
||
itself to the space occupied by all the items listed here.
|
||
|
||
In this example, we see that the closure of Coreutils weighs in at
|
||
70@tie{}MiB, half of which is taken by libc. (That libc represents a
|
||
large fraction of the closure is not a problem @i{per se} because it is
|
||
always available on the system anyway.)
|
||
|
||
When the package passed to @command{guix size} is available in the
|
||
store, @command{guix size} queries the daemon to determine its
|
||
dependencies, and measures its size in the store, similar to @command{du
|
||
-ms --apparent-size} (@pxref{du invocation,,, coreutils, GNU
|
||
Coreutils}).
|
||
|
||
When the given package is @emph{not} in the store, @command{guix size}
|
||
reports information based on the available substitutes
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}). This makes it possible it to profile disk usage of
|
||
store items that are not even on disk, only available remotely.
|
||
|
||
You can also specify several package names:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix size coreutils grep sed bash
|
||
store item total self
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-coreutils-8.24 77.8 13.8 13.4%
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-grep-2.22 73.1 0.8 0.8%
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-bash-4.3.42 72.3 4.7 4.6%
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-readline-6.3 67.6 1.2 1.2%
|
||
@dots{}
|
||
total: 102.3 MiB
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
In this example we see that the combination of the four packages takes
|
||
102.3@tie{}MiB in total, which is much less than the sum of each closure
|
||
since they have a lot of dependencies in common.
|
||
|
||
The available options are:
|
||
|
||
@table @option
|
||
|
||
@item --substitute-urls=@var{urls}
|
||
Use substitute information from @var{urls}.
|
||
@xref{client-substitute-urls, the same option for @code{guix build}}.
|
||
|
||
@item --map-file=@var{file}
|
||
Write a graphical map of disk usage in PNG format to @var{file}.
|
||
|
||
For the example above, the map looks like this:
|
||
|
||
@image{images/coreutils-size-map,5in,, map of Coreutils disk usage
|
||
produced by @command{guix size}}
|
||
|
||
This option requires that
|
||
@uref{http://wingolog.org/software/guile-charting/, Guile-Charting} be
|
||
installed and visible in Guile's module search path. When that is not
|
||
the case, @command{guix size} fails as it tries to load it.
|
||
|
||
@item --system=@var{system}
|
||
@itemx -s @var{system}
|
||
Consider packages for @var{system}---e.g., @code{x86_64-linux}.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix graph
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix graph}
|
||
|
||
@cindex DAG
|
||
Packages and their dependencies form a @dfn{graph}, specifically a
|
||
directed acyclic graph (DAG). It can quickly become difficult to have a
|
||
mental model of the package DAG, so the @command{guix graph} command
|
||
provides a visual representation of the DAG. @command{guix graph}
|
||
emits a DAG representation in the input format of
|
||
@uref{http://www.graphviz.org/, Graphviz}, so its output can be passed
|
||
directly to the @command{dot} command of Graphviz. The general
|
||
syntax is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix graph @var{options} @var{package}@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
For example, the following command generates a PDF file representing the
|
||
package DAG for the GNU@tie{}Core Utilities, showing its build-time
|
||
dependencies:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix graph coreutils | dot -Tpdf > dag.pdf
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The output looks like this:
|
||
|
||
@image{images/coreutils-graph,2in,,Dependency graph of the GNU Coreutils}
|
||
|
||
Nice little graph, no?
|
||
|
||
But there is more than one graph! The one above is concise: it is the
|
||
graph of package objects, omitting implicit inputs such as GCC, libc,
|
||
grep, etc. It is often useful to have such a concise graph, but
|
||
sometimes one may want to see more details. @command{guix graph} supports
|
||
several types of graphs, allowing you to choose the level of detail:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item package
|
||
This is the default type used in the example above. It shows the DAG of
|
||
package objects, excluding implicit dependencies. It is concise, but
|
||
filters out many details.
|
||
|
||
@item bag-emerged
|
||
This is the package DAG, @emph{including} implicit inputs.
|
||
|
||
For instance, the following command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix graph --type=bag-emerged coreutils | dot -Tpdf > dag.pdf
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
... yields this bigger graph:
|
||
|
||
@image{images/coreutils-bag-graph,,5in,Detailed dependency graph of the GNU Coreutils}
|
||
|
||
At the bottom of the graph, we see all the implicit inputs of
|
||
@var{gnu-build-system} (@pxref{Build Systems, @code{gnu-build-system}}).
|
||
|
||
Now, note that the dependencies of these implicit inputs---that is, the
|
||
@dfn{bootstrap dependencies} (@pxref{Bootstrapping})---are not shown
|
||
here, for conciseness.
|
||
|
||
@item bag
|
||
Similar to @code{bag-emerged}, but this time including all the bootstrap
|
||
dependencies.
|
||
|
||
@item bag-with-origins
|
||
Similar to @code{bag}, but also showing origins and their dependencies.
|
||
|
||
@item derivations
|
||
This is the most detailed representation: It shows the DAG of
|
||
derivations (@pxref{Derivations}) and plain store items. Compared to
|
||
the above representation, many additional nodes are visible, including
|
||
build scripts, patches, Guile modules, etc.
|
||
|
||
For this type of graph, it is also possible to pass a @file{.drv} file
|
||
name instead of a package name, as in:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix graph -t derivation `guix system build -d my-config.scm`
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
All the types above correspond to @emph{build-time dependencies}. The
|
||
following graph type represents the @emph{run-time dependencies}:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item references
|
||
This is the graph of @dfn{references} of a package output, as returned
|
||
by @command{guix gc --references} (@pxref{Invoking guix gc}).
|
||
|
||
If the given package output is not available in the store, @command{guix
|
||
graph} attempts to obtain dependency information from substitutes.
|
||
|
||
Here you can also pass a store file name instead of a package name. For
|
||
example, the command below produces the reference graph of your profile
|
||
(which can be big!):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix graph -t references `readlink -f ~/.guix-profile`
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
The available options are the following:
|
||
|
||
@table @option
|
||
@item --type=@var{type}
|
||
@itemx -t @var{type}
|
||
Produce a graph output of @var{type}, where @var{type} must be one of
|
||
the values listed above.
|
||
|
||
@item --list-types
|
||
List the supported graph types.
|
||
|
||
@item --expression=@var{expr}
|
||
@itemx -e @var{expr}
|
||
Consider the package @var{expr} evaluates to.
|
||
|
||
This is useful to precisely refer to a package, as in this example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix graph -e '(@@@@ (gnu packages commencement) gnu-make-final)'
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix environment
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix environment}
|
||
|
||
@cindex reproducible build environments
|
||
@cindex development environments
|
||
The purpose of @command{guix environment} is to assist hackers in
|
||
creating reproducible development environments without polluting their
|
||
package profile. The @command{guix environment} tool takes one or more
|
||
packages, builds all of their inputs, and creates a shell
|
||
environment to use them.
|
||
|
||
The general syntax is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment @var{options} @var{package}@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The following example spawns a new shell set up for the development of
|
||
GNU@tie{}Guile:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment guile
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
If the needed dependencies are not built yet, @command{guix environment}
|
||
automatically builds them. The environment of the new shell is an augmented
|
||
version of the environment that @command{guix environment} was run in.
|
||
It contains the necessary search paths for building the given package
|
||
added to the existing environment variables. To create a ``pure''
|
||
environment, in which the original environment variables have been unset,
|
||
use the @code{--pure} option@footnote{Users sometimes wrongfully augment
|
||
environment variables such as @code{PATH} in their @file{~/.bashrc}
|
||
file. As a consequence, when @code{guix environment} launches it, Bash
|
||
may read @file{~/.bashrc}, thereby introducing ``impurities'' in these
|
||
environment variables. It is an error to define such environment
|
||
variables in @file{.bashrc}; instead, they should be defined in
|
||
@file{.bash_profile}, which is sourced only by log-in shells.
|
||
@xref{Bash Startup Files,,, bash, The GNU Bash Reference Manual}, for
|
||
details on Bash start-up files.}.
|
||
|
||
@vindex GUIX_ENVIRONMENT
|
||
@command{guix environment} defines the @code{GUIX_ENVIRONMENT}
|
||
variable in the shell it spawns; its value is the file name of the
|
||
profile of this environment. This allows users to, say, define a
|
||
specific prompt for development environments in their @file{.bashrc}
|
||
(@pxref{Bash Startup Files,,, bash, The GNU Bash Reference Manual}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
if [ -n "$GUIX_ENVIRONMENT" ]
|
||
then
|
||
export PS1="\u@@\h \w [dev]\$ "
|
||
fi
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
... or to browse the profile:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ ls "$GUIX_ENVIRONMENT/bin"
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Additionally, more than one package may be specified, in which case the
|
||
union of the inputs for the given packages are used. For example, the
|
||
command below spawns a shell where all of the dependencies of both Guile
|
||
and Emacs are available:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment guile emacs
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Sometimes an interactive shell session is not desired. An arbitrary
|
||
command may be invoked by placing the @code{--} token to separate the
|
||
command from the rest of the arguments:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment guile -- make -j4
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
In other situations, it is more convenient to specify the list of
|
||
packages needed in the environment. For example, the following command
|
||
runs @command{python} from an environment containing Python@tie{}2.7 and
|
||
NumPy:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment --ad-hoc python2-numpy python-2.7 -- python
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Furthermore, one might want the dependencies of a package and also some
|
||
additional packages that are not build-time or runtime dependencies, but
|
||
are useful when developing nonetheless. Because of this, the
|
||
@code{--ad-hoc} flag is positional. Packages appearing before
|
||
@code{--ad-hoc} are interpreted as packages whose dependencies will be
|
||
added to the environment. Packages appearing after are interpreted as
|
||
packages that will be added to the environment directly. For example,
|
||
the following command creates a Guix development environment that
|
||
additionally includes Git and strace:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment guix --ad-hoc git strace
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Sometimes it is desirable to isolate the environment as much as
|
||
possible, for maximal purity and reproducibility. In particular, when
|
||
using Guix on a host distro that is not GuixSD, it is desirable to
|
||
prevent access to @file{/usr/bin} and other system-wide resources from
|
||
the development environment. For example, the following command spawns
|
||
a Guile REPL in a ``container'' where only the store and the current
|
||
working directory are mounted:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment --ad-hoc --container guile -- guile
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@quotation Note
|
||
The @code{--container} option requires Linux-libre 3.19 or newer.
|
||
@end quotation
|
||
|
||
The available options are summarized below.
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --expression=@var{expr}
|
||
@itemx -e @var{expr}
|
||
Create an environment for the package or list of packages that
|
||
@var{expr} evaluates to.
|
||
|
||
For example, running:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment -e '(@@ (gnu packages maths) petsc-openmpi)'
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
starts a shell with the environment for this specific variant of the
|
||
PETSc package.
|
||
|
||
Running:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment --ad-hoc -e '(@@ (gnu) %base-packages)'
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
starts a shell with all the GuixSD base packages available.
|
||
|
||
The above commands only the use default output of the given packages.
|
||
To select other outputs, two element tuples can be specified:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment --ad-hoc -e '(list (@ (gnu packages bash) bash) "include")'
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item --load=@var{file}
|
||
@itemx -l @var{file}
|
||
Create an environment for the package or list of packages that the code
|
||
within @var{file} evaluates to.
|
||
|
||
As an example, @var{file} might contain a definition like this
|
||
(@pxref{Defining Packages}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
@verbatiminclude environment-gdb.scm
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item --ad-hoc
|
||
Include all specified packages in the resulting environment, as if an
|
||
@i{ad hoc} package were defined with them as inputs. This option is
|
||
useful for quickly creating an environment without having to write a
|
||
package expression to contain the desired inputs.
|
||
|
||
For instance, the command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment --ad-hoc guile guile-sdl -- guile
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
runs @command{guile} in an environment where Guile and Guile-SDL are
|
||
available.
|
||
|
||
Note that this example implicitly asks for the default output of
|
||
@code{guile} and @code{guile-sdl}, but it is possible to ask for a
|
||
specific output---e.g., @code{glib:bin} asks for the @code{bin} output
|
||
of @code{glib} (@pxref{Packages with Multiple Outputs}).
|
||
|
||
This option may be composed with the default behavior of @command{guix
|
||
environment}. Packages appearing before @code{--ad-hoc} are interpreted
|
||
as packages whose dependencies will be added to the environment, the
|
||
default behavior. Packages appearing after are interpreted as packages
|
||
that will be added to the environment directly.
|
||
|
||
@item --pure
|
||
Unset existing environment variables when building the new environment.
|
||
This has the effect of creating an environment in which search paths
|
||
only contain package inputs.
|
||
|
||
@item --search-paths
|
||
Display the environment variable definitions that make up the
|
||
environment.
|
||
|
||
@item --system=@var{system}
|
||
@itemx -s @var{system}
|
||
Attempt to build for @var{system}---e.g., @code{i686-linux}.
|
||
|
||
@item --container
|
||
@itemx -C
|
||
@cindex container
|
||
Run @var{command} within an isolated container. The current working
|
||
directory outside the container is mapped inside the container.
|
||
Additionally, a dummy home directory is created that matches the current
|
||
user's home directory, and @file{/etc/passwd} is configured accordingly.
|
||
The spawned process runs as the current user outside the container, but
|
||
has root privileges in the context of the container.
|
||
|
||
@item --network
|
||
@itemx -N
|
||
For containers, share the network namespace with the host system.
|
||
Containers created without this flag only have access to the loopback
|
||
device.
|
||
|
||
@item --expose=@var{source}[=@var{target}]
|
||
For containers, expose the file system @var{source} from the host system
|
||
as the read-only file system @var{target} within the container. If
|
||
@var{target} is not specified, @var{source} is used as the target mount
|
||
point in the container.
|
||
|
||
The example below spawns a Guile REPL in a container in which the user's
|
||
home directory is accessible read-only via the @file{/exchange}
|
||
directory:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment --container --expose=$HOME=/exchange guile -- guile
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item --share=@var{source}[=@var{target}]
|
||
For containers, share the file system @var{source} from the host system
|
||
as the writable file system @var{target} within the container. If
|
||
@var{target} is not specified, @var{source} is used as the target mount
|
||
point in the container.
|
||
|
||
The example below spawns a Guile REPL in a container in which the user's
|
||
home directory is accessible for both reading and writing via the
|
||
@file{/exchange} directory:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix environment --container --share=$HOME=/exchange guile -- guile
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
It also supports all of the common build options that @command{guix
|
||
build} supports (@pxref{Common Build Options}).
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix publish
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix publish}
|
||
|
||
The purpose of @command{guix publish} is to enable users to easily share
|
||
their store with others, who can then use it as a substitute server
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}).
|
||
|
||
When @command{guix publish} runs, it spawns an HTTP server which allows
|
||
anyone with network access to obtain substitutes from it. This means
|
||
that any machine running Guix can also act as if it were a build farm,
|
||
since the HTTP interface is compatible with Hydra, the software behind
|
||
the @code{hydra.gnu.org} build farm.
|
||
|
||
For security, each substitute is signed, allowing recipients to check
|
||
their authenticity and integrity (@pxref{Substitutes}). Because
|
||
@command{guix publish} uses the signing key of the system, which is only
|
||
readable by the system administrator, it must be started as root; the
|
||
@code{--user} option makes it drop root privileges early on.
|
||
|
||
The signing key pair must be generated before @command{guix publish} is
|
||
launched, using @command{guix archive --generate-key} (@pxref{Invoking
|
||
guix archive}).
|
||
|
||
The general syntax is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix publish @var{options}@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Running @command{guix publish} without any additional arguments will
|
||
spawn an HTTP server on port 8080:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix publish
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Once a publishing server has been authorized (@pxref{Invoking guix
|
||
archive}), the daemon may download substitutes from it:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix-daemon --substitute-urls=http://example.org:8080
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
As a bonus, @command{guix publish} also serves as a content-addressed
|
||
mirror for source files referenced in @code{origin} records
|
||
(@pxref{origin Reference}). For instance, assuming @command{guix
|
||
publish} is running on @code{example.org}, the following URL returns the
|
||
raw @file{hello-2.10.tar.gz} file with the given SHA256 hash
|
||
(represented in @code{nix-base32} format, @pxref{Invoking guix hash}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
http://example.org/file/hello-2.10.tar.gz/sha256/0ssi1@dots{}ndq1i
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Obviously, these URLs only work for files that are in the store; in
|
||
other cases, they return 404 (``Not Found'').
|
||
|
||
The following options are available:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --port=@var{port}
|
||
@itemx -p @var{port}
|
||
Listen for HTTP requests on @var{port}.
|
||
|
||
@item --listen=@var{host}
|
||
Listen on the network interface for @var{host}. The default is to
|
||
accept connections from any interface.
|
||
|
||
@item --user=@var{user}
|
||
@itemx -u @var{user}
|
||
Change privileges to @var{user} as soon as possible---i.e., once the
|
||
server socket is open and the signing key has been read.
|
||
|
||
@item --compression[=@var{level}]
|
||
@itemx -C [@var{level}]
|
||
Compress data using the given @var{level}. When @var{level} is zero,
|
||
disable compression. The range 1 to 9 corresponds to different gzip
|
||
compression levels: 1 is the fastest, and 9 is the best (CPU-intensive).
|
||
The default is 3.
|
||
|
||
Compression occurs on the fly and the compressed streams are not
|
||
cached. Thus, to reduce load on the machine that runs @command{guix
|
||
publish}, it may be a good idea to choose a low compression level, or to
|
||
run @command{guix publish} behind a caching proxy.
|
||
|
||
@item --ttl=@var{ttl}
|
||
Produce @code{Cache-Control} HTTP headers that advertise a time-to-live
|
||
(TTL) of @var{ttl}. @var{ttl} must denote a duration: @code{5d} means 5
|
||
days, @code{1m} means 1 month, and so on.
|
||
|
||
This allows the user's Guix to keep substitute information in cache for
|
||
@var{ttl}. However, note that @code{guix publish} does not itself
|
||
guarantee that the store items it provides will indeed remain available
|
||
for as long as @var{ttl}.
|
||
|
||
@item --repl[=@var{port}]
|
||
@itemx -r [@var{port}]
|
||
Spawn a Guile REPL server (@pxref{REPL Servers,,, guile, GNU Guile
|
||
Reference Manual}) on @var{port} (37146 by default). This is used
|
||
primarily for debugging a running @command{guix publish} server.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
Enabling @command{guix publish} on a GuixSD system is a one-liner: just
|
||
add a call to @code{guix-publish-service} in the @code{services} field
|
||
of the @code{operating-system} declaration (@pxref{guix-publish-service,
|
||
@code{guix-publish-service}}).
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix challenge
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix challenge}
|
||
|
||
@cindex reproducible builds
|
||
@cindex verifiable builds
|
||
|
||
Do the binaries provided by this server really correspond to the source
|
||
code it claims to build? Is a package build process deterministic?
|
||
These are the questions the @command{guix challenge} command attempts to
|
||
answer.
|
||
|
||
The former is obviously an important question: Before using a substitute
|
||
server (@pxref{Substitutes}), one had better @emph{verify} that it
|
||
provides the right binaries, and thus @emph{challenge} it. The latter
|
||
is what enables the former: If package builds are deterministic, then
|
||
independent builds of the package should yield the exact same result,
|
||
bit for bit; if a server provides a binary different from the one
|
||
obtained locally, it may be either corrupt or malicious.
|
||
|
||
We know that the hash that shows up in @file{/gnu/store} file names is
|
||
the hash of all the inputs of the process that built the file or
|
||
directory---compilers, libraries, build scripts,
|
||
etc. (@pxref{Introduction}). Assuming deterministic build processes,
|
||
one store file name should map to exactly one build output.
|
||
@command{guix challenge} checks whether there is, indeed, a single
|
||
mapping by comparing the build outputs of several independent builds of
|
||
any given store item.
|
||
|
||
The command output looks like this:
|
||
|
||
@smallexample
|
||
$ guix challenge --substitute-urls="https://hydra.gnu.org https://guix.example.org"
|
||
updating list of substitutes from 'https://hydra.gnu.org'... 100.0%
|
||
updating list of substitutes from 'https://guix.example.org'... 100.0%
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-openssl-1.0.2d contents differ:
|
||
local hash: 0725l22r5jnzazaacncwsvp9kgf42266ayyp814v7djxs7nk963q
|
||
https://hydra.gnu.org/nar/@dots{}-openssl-1.0.2d: 0725l22r5jnzazaacncwsvp9kgf42266ayyp814v7djxs7nk963q
|
||
https://guix.example.org/nar/@dots{}-openssl-1.0.2d: 1zy4fmaaqcnjrzzajkdn3f5gmjk754b43qkq47llbyak9z0qjyim
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-git-2.5.0 contents differ:
|
||
local hash: 00p3bmryhjxrhpn2gxs2fy0a15lnip05l97205pgbk5ra395hyha
|
||
https://hydra.gnu.org/nar/@dots{}-git-2.5.0: 069nb85bv4d4a6slrwjdy8v1cn4cwspm3kdbmyb81d6zckj3nq9f
|
||
https://guix.example.org/nar/@dots{}-git-2.5.0: 0mdqa9w1p6cmli6976v4wi0sw9r4p5prkj7lzfd1877wk11c9c73
|
||
/gnu/store/@dots{}-pius-2.1.1 contents differ:
|
||
local hash: 0k4v3m9z1zp8xzzizb7d8kjj72f9172xv078sq4wl73vnq9ig3ax
|
||
https://hydra.gnu.org/nar/@dots{}-pius-2.1.1: 0k4v3m9z1zp8xzzizb7d8kjj72f9172xv078sq4wl73vnq9ig3ax
|
||
https://guix.example.org/nar/@dots{}-pius-2.1.1: 1cy25x1a4fzq5rk0pmvc8xhwyffnqz95h2bpvqsz2mpvlbccy0gs
|
||
@end smallexample
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
In this example, @command{guix challenge} first scans the store to
|
||
determine the set of locally-built derivations---as opposed to store
|
||
items that were downloaded from a substitute server---and then queries
|
||
all the substitute servers. It then reports those store items for which
|
||
the servers obtained a result different from the local build.
|
||
|
||
@cindex non-determinism, in package builds
|
||
As an example, @code{guix.example.org} always gets a different answer.
|
||
Conversely, @code{hydra.gnu.org} agrees with local builds, except in the
|
||
case of Git. This might indicate that the build process of Git is
|
||
non-deterministic, meaning that its output varies as a function of
|
||
various things that Guix does not fully control, in spite of building
|
||
packages in isolated environments (@pxref{Features}). Most common
|
||
sources of non-determinism include the addition of timestamps in build
|
||
results, the inclusion of random numbers, and directory listings sorted
|
||
by inode number. See @uref{https://reproducible-builds.org/docs/}, for
|
||
more information.
|
||
|
||
To find out what is wrong with this Git binary, we can do something along
|
||
these lines (@pxref{Invoking guix archive}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ wget -q -O - https://hydra.gnu.org/nar/@dots{}-git-2.5.0 \
|
||
| guix archive -x /tmp/git
|
||
$ diff -ur --no-dereference /gnu/store/@dots{}-git.2.5.0 /tmp/git
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This command shows the difference between the files resulting from the
|
||
local build, and the files resulting from the build on
|
||
@code{hydra.gnu.org} (@pxref{Overview, Comparing and Merging Files,,
|
||
diffutils, Comparing and Merging Files}). The @command{diff} command
|
||
works great for text files. When binary files differ, a better option
|
||
is @uref{https://diffoscope.org/, Diffoscope}, a tool that helps
|
||
visualize differences for all kinds of files.
|
||
|
||
Once you have done that work, you can tell whether the differences are due
|
||
to a non-deterministic build process or to a malicious server. We try
|
||
hard to remove sources of non-determinism in packages to make it easier
|
||
to verify substitutes, but of course, this is a process that
|
||
involves not just Guix, but a large part of the free software community.
|
||
In the meantime, @command{guix challenge} is one tool to help address
|
||
the problem.
|
||
|
||
If you are writing packages for Guix, you are encouraged to check
|
||
whether @code{hydra.gnu.org} and other substitute servers obtain the
|
||
same build result as you did with:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix challenge @var{package}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
where @var{package} is a package specification such as
|
||
@code{guile@@2.0} or @code{glibc:debug}.
|
||
|
||
The general syntax is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix challenge @var{options} [@var{packages}@dots{}]
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
When a difference is found between the hash of a locally-built item and
|
||
that of a server-provided substitute, or among substitutes provided by
|
||
different servers, the command displays it as in the example above and
|
||
its exit code is 2 (other non-zero exit codes denote other kinds of
|
||
errors.)
|
||
|
||
The one option that matters is:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item --substitute-urls=@var{urls}
|
||
Consider @var{urls} the whitespace-separated list of substitute source
|
||
URLs to compare to.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix container
|
||
@section Invoking @command{guix container}
|
||
@cindex container
|
||
|
||
@quotation Note
|
||
As of version @value{VERSION}, this tool is experimental. The interface
|
||
is subject to radical change in the future.
|
||
@end quotation
|
||
|
||
The purpose of @command{guix container} is to manipulate processes
|
||
running within an isolated environment, commonly known as a
|
||
``container'', typically created by the @command{guix environment}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix environment}) and @command{guix system container}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix system}) commands.
|
||
|
||
The general syntax is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix container @var{action} @var{options}@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@var{action} specifies the operation to perform with a container, and
|
||
@var{options} specifies the context-specific arguments for the action.
|
||
|
||
The following actions are available:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item exec
|
||
Execute a command within the context of a running container.
|
||
|
||
The syntax is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix container exec @var{pid} @var{program} @var{arguments}@dots{}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@var{pid} specifies the process ID of the running container.
|
||
@var{program} specifies an executable file name within the root file
|
||
system of the container. @var{arguments} are the additional options that
|
||
will be passed to @var{program}.
|
||
|
||
The following command launches an interactive login shell inside a
|
||
GuixSD container, started by @command{guix system container}, and whose
|
||
process ID is 9001:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix container exec 9001 /run/current-system/profile/bin/bash --login
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Note that the @var{pid} cannot be the parent process of a container. It
|
||
must be PID 1 of the container or one of its child processes.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@node GNU Distribution
|
||
@chapter GNU Distribution
|
||
|
||
@cindex Guix System Distribution
|
||
@cindex GuixSD
|
||
Guix comes with a distribution of the GNU system consisting entirely of
|
||
free software@footnote{The term ``free'' here refers to the
|
||
@url{http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html,freedom provided to
|
||
users of that software}.}. The
|
||
distribution can be installed on its own (@pxref{System Installation}),
|
||
but it is also possible to install Guix as a package manager on top of
|
||
an installed GNU/Linux system (@pxref{Installation}). To distinguish
|
||
between the two, we refer to the standalone distribution as the Guix
|
||
System Distribution, or GuixSD.
|
||
|
||
The distribution provides core GNU packages such as GNU libc, GCC, and
|
||
Binutils, as well as many GNU and non-GNU applications. The complete
|
||
list of available packages can be browsed
|
||
@url{http://www.gnu.org/software/guix/packages,on-line} or by
|
||
running @command{guix package} (@pxref{Invoking guix package}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix package --list-available
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Our goal is to provide a practical 100% free software distribution of
|
||
Linux-based and other variants of GNU, with a focus on the promotion and
|
||
tight integration of GNU components, and an emphasis on programs and
|
||
tools that help users exert that freedom.
|
||
|
||
Packages are currently available on the following platforms:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item x86_64-linux
|
||
Intel/AMD @code{x86_64} architecture, Linux-Libre kernel;
|
||
|
||
@item i686-linux
|
||
Intel 32-bit architecture (IA32), Linux-Libre kernel;
|
||
|
||
@item armhf-linux
|
||
ARMv7-A architecture with hard float, Thumb-2 and NEON,
|
||
using the EABI hard-float application binary interface (ABI),
|
||
and Linux-Libre kernel.
|
||
|
||
@item mips64el-linux
|
||
little-endian 64-bit MIPS processors, specifically the Loongson series,
|
||
n32 ABI, and Linux-Libre kernel.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
GuixSD itself is currently only available on @code{i686} and @code{x86_64}.
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
For information on porting to other architectures or kernels,
|
||
@pxref{Porting}.
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* System Installation:: Installing the whole operating system.
|
||
* System Configuration:: Configuring the operating system.
|
||
* Installing Debugging Files:: Feeding the debugger.
|
||
* Security Updates:: Deploying security fixes quickly.
|
||
* Package Modules:: Packages from the programmer's viewpoint.
|
||
* Packaging Guidelines:: Growing the distribution.
|
||
* Bootstrapping:: GNU/Linux built from scratch.
|
||
* Porting:: Targeting another platform or kernel.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
Building this distribution is a cooperative effort, and you are invited
|
||
to join! @xref{Contributing}, for information about how you can help.
|
||
|
||
@node System Installation
|
||
@section System Installation
|
||
|
||
@cindex Guix System Distribution
|
||
This section explains how to install the Guix System Distribution (GuixSD)
|
||
on a machine. The Guix package manager can
|
||
also be installed on top of a running GNU/Linux system,
|
||
@pxref{Installation}.
|
||
|
||
@ifinfo
|
||
@quotation Note
|
||
@c This paragraph is for people reading this from tty2 of the
|
||
@c installation image.
|
||
You are reading this documentation with an Info reader. For details on
|
||
how to use it, hit the @key{RET} key (``return'' or ``enter'') on the
|
||
link that follows: @pxref{Top, Info reader,, info-stnd, Stand-alone GNU
|
||
Info}. Hit @kbd{l} afterwards to come back here.
|
||
|
||
Alternately, run @command{info info} in another tty to keep the manual
|
||
available.
|
||
@end quotation
|
||
@end ifinfo
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Limitations:: What you can expect.
|
||
* Hardware Considerations:: Supported hardware.
|
||
* USB Stick Installation:: Preparing the installation medium.
|
||
* Preparing for Installation:: Networking, partitioning, etc.
|
||
* Proceeding with the Installation:: The real thing.
|
||
* Installing GuixSD in a VM:: GuixSD playground.
|
||
* Building the Installation Image:: How this comes to be.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Limitations
|
||
@subsection Limitations
|
||
|
||
As of version @value{VERSION}, the Guix System Distribution (GuixSD) is
|
||
not production-ready. It may contain bugs and lack important
|
||
features. Thus, if you are looking for a stable production system that
|
||
respects your freedom as a computer user, a good solution at this point
|
||
is to consider @url{http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html, one of
|
||
the more established GNU/Linux distributions}. We hope you can soon switch
|
||
to the GuixSD without fear, of course. In the meantime, you can
|
||
also keep using your distribution and try out the package manager on top
|
||
of it (@pxref{Installation}).
|
||
|
||
Before you proceed with the installation, be aware of the following
|
||
noteworthy limitations applicable to version @value{VERSION}:
|
||
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item
|
||
The installation process does not include a graphical user interface and
|
||
requires familiarity with GNU/Linux (see the following subsections to
|
||
get a feel of what that means.)
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Support for the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is missing.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Few system services are currently supported out-of-the-box
|
||
(@pxref{Services}).
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
More than 3,200 packages are available, but you may
|
||
occasionally find that a useful package is missing.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
GNOME, Xfce, and Enlightenment are available (@pxref{Desktop Services}),
|
||
as well as a number of X11 window managers. However, some graphical
|
||
applications may be missing, as well as KDE.
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
You have been warned! But more than a disclaimer, this is an invitation
|
||
to report issues (and success stories!), and to join us in improving it.
|
||
@xref{Contributing}, for more info.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Hardware Considerations
|
||
@subsection Hardware Considerations
|
||
|
||
@cindex hardware support on GuixSD
|
||
GNU@tie{}GuixSD focuses on respecting the user's computing freedom. It
|
||
builds around the kernel Linux-libre, which means that only hardware for
|
||
which free software drivers and firmware exist is supported. Nowadays,
|
||
a wide range of off-the-shelf hardware is supported on
|
||
GNU/Linux-libre---from keyboards to graphics cards to scanners and
|
||
Ethernet controllers. Unfortunately, there are still areas where
|
||
hardware vendors deny users control over their own computing, and such
|
||
hardware is not supported on GuixSD.
|
||
|
||
@cindex WiFi, hardware support
|
||
One of the main areas where free drivers or firmware are lacking is WiFi
|
||
devices. WiFi devices known to work include those using Atheros chips
|
||
(AR9271 and AR7010), which corresponds to the @code{ath9k} Linux-libre
|
||
driver, and for which free firmware exists and is available
|
||
out-of-the-box on GuixSD, as part of @var{%base-firmware}
|
||
(@pxref{operating-system Reference, @code{firmware}}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex RYF, Respects Your Freedom
|
||
The @uref{https://www.fsf.org/, Free Software Foundation} runs
|
||
@uref{https://www.fsf.org/ryf, @dfn{Respects Your Freedom}} (RYF), a
|
||
certification program for hardware products that respect your freedom
|
||
and your privacy and ensure that you have control over your device. We
|
||
encourage you to check the list of RYF-certified devices.
|
||
|
||
Another useful resource is the @uref{https://www.h-node.org/, H-Node}
|
||
web site. It contains a catalog of hardware devices with information
|
||
about their support in GNU/Linux.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node USB Stick Installation
|
||
@subsection USB Stick Installation
|
||
|
||
An installation image for USB sticks can be downloaded from
|
||
@indicateurl{ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/guix/guixsd-usb-install-@value{VERSION}.@var{system}.xz},
|
||
where @var{system} is one of:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item x86_64-linux
|
||
for a GNU/Linux system on Intel/AMD-compatible 64-bit CPUs;
|
||
|
||
@item i686-linux
|
||
for a 32-bit GNU/Linux system on Intel-compatible CPUs.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@c start duplication of authentication part from ``Binary Installation''
|
||
Make sure to download the associated @file{.sig} file and to verify the
|
||
authenticity of the image against it, along these lines:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ wget ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/guix/guixsd-usb-install-@value{VERSION}.@var{system}.xz.sig
|
||
$ gpg --verify guixsd-usb-install-@value{VERSION}.@var{system}.xz.sig
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
If that command fails because you do not have the required public key,
|
||
then run this command to import it:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --recv-keys @value{OPENPGP-SIGNING-KEY-ID}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
and rerun the @code{gpg --verify} command.
|
||
@c end duplication
|
||
|
||
This image contains a single partition with the tools necessary for an
|
||
installation. It is meant to be copied @emph{as is} to a large-enough
|
||
USB stick.
|
||
|
||
To copy the image to a USB stick, follow these steps:
|
||
|
||
@enumerate
|
||
@item
|
||
Decompress the image using the @command{xz} command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
xz -d guixsd-usb-install-@value{VERSION}.@var{system}.xz
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Insert a USB stick of 1@tie{}GiB or more into your machine, and determine
|
||
its device name. Assuming that the USB stick is known as @file{/dev/sdX},
|
||
copy the image with:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
dd if=guixsd-usb-install-@value{VERSION}.x86_64 of=/dev/sdX
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Access to @file{/dev/sdX} usually requires root privileges.
|
||
@end enumerate
|
||
|
||
Once this is done, you should be able to reboot the system and boot from
|
||
the USB stick. The latter usually requires you to get in the BIOS' boot
|
||
menu, where you can choose to boot from the USB stick.
|
||
|
||
@xref{Installing GuixSD in a VM}, if, instead, you would like to install
|
||
GuixSD in a virtual machine (VM).
|
||
|
||
@node Preparing for Installation
|
||
@subsection Preparing for Installation
|
||
|
||
Once you have successfully booted the image on the USB stick, you should
|
||
end up with a root prompt. Several console TTYs are configured and can
|
||
be used to run commands as root. TTY2 shows this documentation,
|
||
browsable using the Info reader commands (@pxref{Top,,, info-stnd,
|
||
Stand-alone GNU Info}). The installation system runs the GPM mouse
|
||
daemon, which allows you to select text with the left mouse button and
|
||
to paste it with the middle button.
|
||
|
||
@quotation Note
|
||
Installation requires access to the Internet so that any missing
|
||
dependencies of your system configuration can be downloaded. See the
|
||
``Networking'' section below.
|
||
@end quotation
|
||
|
||
The installation system includes many common tools needed for this task.
|
||
But it is also a full-blown GuixSD system, which means that you can
|
||
install additional packages, should you need it, using @command{guix
|
||
package} (@pxref{Invoking guix package}).
|
||
|
||
@subsubsection Keyboard Layout
|
||
|
||
@cindex keyboard layout
|
||
The installation image uses the US qwerty keyboard layout. If you want
|
||
to change it, you can use the @command{loadkeys} command. For example,
|
||
the following command selects the Dvorak keyboard layout:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
loadkeys dvorak
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
See the files under @file{/run/current-system/profile/share/keymaps} for
|
||
a list of available keyboard layouts. Run @command{man loadkeys} for
|
||
more information.
|
||
|
||
@subsubsection Networking
|
||
|
||
Run the following command see what your network interfaces are called:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
ifconfig -a
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
@dots{} or, using the GNU/Linux-specific @command{ip} command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
ip a
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@c http://cgit.freedesktop.org/systemd/systemd/tree/src/udev/udev-builtin-net_id.c#n20
|
||
Wired interfaces have a name starting with @samp{e}; for example, the
|
||
interface corresponding to the first on-board Ethernet controller is
|
||
called @samp{eno1}. Wireless interfaces have a name starting with
|
||
@samp{w}, like @samp{w1p2s0}.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item Wired connection
|
||
To configure a wired network run the following command, substituting
|
||
@var{interface} with the name of the wired interface you want to use.
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
ifconfig @var{interface} up
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item Wireless connection
|
||
To configure wireless networking, you can create a configuration file
|
||
for the @command{wpa_supplicant} configuration tool (its location is not
|
||
important) using one of the available text editors such as
|
||
@command{zile}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
zile wpa_supplicant.conf
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
As an example, the following stanza can go to this file and will work
|
||
for many wireless networks, provided you give the actual SSID and
|
||
passphrase for the network you are connecting to:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
network=@{
|
||
ssid="@var{my-ssid}"
|
||
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
|
||
psk="the network's secret passphrase"
|
||
@}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Start the wireless service and run it in the background with the
|
||
following command (substitute @var{interface} with the name of the
|
||
network interface you want to use):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
wpa_supplicant -c wpa_supplicant.conf -i @var{interface} -B
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Run @command{man wpa_supplicant} for more information.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
At this point, you need to acquire an IP address. On a network where IP
|
||
addresses are automatically assigned @i{via} DHCP, you can run:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
dhclient -v @var{interface}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Try to ping a server to see if networking is up and running:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
ping -c 3 gnu.org
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Setting up network access is almost always a requirement because the
|
||
image does not contain all the software and tools that may be needed.
|
||
|
||
@subsubsection Disk Partitioning
|
||
|
||
Unless this has already been done, the next step is to partition, and
|
||
then format the target partition(s).
|
||
|
||
The installation image includes several partitioning tools, including
|
||
Parted (@pxref{Overview,,, parted, GNU Parted User Manual}),
|
||
@command{fdisk}, and @command{cfdisk}. Run it and set up your disk with
|
||
the partition layout you want:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
cfdisk
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Once you are done partitioning the target hard disk drive, you have to
|
||
create a file system on the relevant partition(s)@footnote{Currently
|
||
GuixSD pretty much assumes an ext4 file system. In particular, code
|
||
that reads partition UUIDs and labels only works with ext4. This will
|
||
be fixed in the future.}.
|
||
|
||
Preferably, assign partitions a label so that you can easily and
|
||
reliably refer to them in @code{file-system} declarations (@pxref{File
|
||
Systems}). This is typically done using the @code{-L} option of
|
||
@command{mkfs.ext4} and related commands. So, assuming the target root
|
||
partition lives at @file{/dev/sda1}, a file system with the label
|
||
@code{my-root} can be created with:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
mkfs.ext4 -L my-root /dev/sda1
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@c FIXME: Uncomment this once GRUB fully supports encrypted roots.
|
||
@c A typical command sequence may be:
|
||
@c
|
||
@c @example
|
||
@c # fdisk /dev/sdX
|
||
@c @dots{} Create partitions etc.@dots{}
|
||
@c # cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdX1
|
||
@c # cryptsetup open --type luks /dev/sdX1 my-partition
|
||
@c # mkfs.ext4 -L my-root /dev/mapper/my-partition
|
||
@c @end example
|
||
|
||
In addition to e2fsprogs, the suite of tools to manipulate
|
||
ext2/ext3/ext4 file systems, the installation image includes
|
||
Cryptsetup/LUKS for disk encryption.
|
||
|
||
Once that is done, mount the target root partition under @file{/mnt}
|
||
with a command like (again, assuming @file{/dev/sda1} is the root
|
||
partition):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Finally, if you plan to use one or more swap partitions (@pxref{Memory
|
||
Concepts, swap space,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}), make
|
||
sure to initialize them with @command{mkswap}. Assuming you have one
|
||
swap partition on @file{/dev/sda2}, you would run:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
mkswap /dev/sda2
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@node Proceeding with the Installation
|
||
@subsection Proceeding with the Installation
|
||
|
||
With the target partitions ready and the target root mounted on
|
||
@file{/mnt}, we're ready to go. First, run:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
herd start cow-store /mnt
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This makes @file{/gnu/store} copy-on-write, such that packages added to it
|
||
during the installation phase are written to the target disk on @file{/mnt}
|
||
rather than kept in memory. This is necessary because the first phase of
|
||
the @command{guix system init} command (see below) entails downloads or
|
||
builds to @file{/gnu/store} which, initially, is an in-memory file system.
|
||
|
||
Next, you have to edit a file and
|
||
provide the declaration of the operating system to be installed. To
|
||
that end, the installation system comes with three text editors: GNU nano
|
||
(@pxref{Top,,, nano, GNU nano Manual}), GNU Zile (an Emacs clone), and
|
||
nvi (a clone of the original BSD @command{vi} editor).
|
||
We strongly recommend storing that file on the target root file system, say,
|
||
as @file{/mnt/etc/config.scm}. Failing to do that, you will have lost your
|
||
configuration file once you have rebooted into the newly-installed system.
|
||
|
||
@xref{Using the Configuration System}, for an overview of the
|
||
configuration file. The example configurations discussed in that
|
||
section are available under @file{/etc/configuration} in the
|
||
installation image. Thus, to get started with a system configuration
|
||
providing a graphical display server (a ``desktop'' system), you can run
|
||
something along these lines:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# mkdir /mnt/etc
|
||
# cp /etc/configuration/desktop.scm /mnt/etc/config.scm
|
||
# zile /mnt/etc/config.scm
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
You should pay attention to what your configuration file contains, and
|
||
in particular:
|
||
|
||
@itemize
|
||
@item
|
||
Make sure the @code{grub-configuration} form refers to the device you
|
||
want to install GRUB on.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Be sure that your partition labels match the value of their respective
|
||
@code{device} fields in your @code{file-system} configuration, assuming
|
||
your @code{file-system} configuration sets the value of @code{title} to
|
||
@code{'label}.
|
||
@end itemize
|
||
|
||
Once you are done preparing the configuration file, the new system must
|
||
be initialized (remember that the target root file system is mounted
|
||
under @file{/mnt}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix system init /mnt/etc/config.scm /mnt
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
This copies all the necessary files and installs GRUB on
|
||
@file{/dev/sdX}, unless you pass the @option{--no-grub} option. For
|
||
more information, @pxref{Invoking guix system}. This command may trigger
|
||
downloads or builds of missing packages, which can take some time.
|
||
|
||
Once that command has completed---and hopefully succeeded!---you can run
|
||
@command{reboot} and boot into the new system. The @code{root} password
|
||
in the new system is initially empty; other users' passwords need to be
|
||
initialized by running the @command{passwd} command as @code{root},
|
||
unless your configuration specifies otherwise
|
||
(@pxref{user-account-password, user account passwords}).
|
||
|
||
Join us on @code{#guix} on the Freenode IRC network or on
|
||
@file{guix-devel@@gnu.org} to share your experience---good or not so
|
||
good.
|
||
|
||
@node Installing GuixSD in a VM
|
||
@subsection Installing GuixSD in a Virtual Machine
|
||
|
||
@cindex virtual machine, GuixSD installation
|
||
If you'd like to install GuixSD in a virtual machine (VM) rather than on
|
||
your beloved machine, this section is for you.
|
||
|
||
To boot a @uref{http://qemu.org/,QEMU} VM for installing GuixSD in a
|
||
disk image, follow these steps:
|
||
|
||
@enumerate
|
||
@item
|
||
First, retrieve the GuixSD installation image as described previously
|
||
(@pxref{USB Stick Installation}).
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Create a disk image that will hold the installed system. To make a
|
||
qcow2-formatted disk image, use the @command{qemu-img} command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
qemu-img create -f qcow2 guixsd.img 5G
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This will create a 5GB file.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
Boot the USB installation image in an VM:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
qemu-system-x86_64 -m 1024 -smp 1 \
|
||
-net default -net nic,model=virtio -boot menu=on \
|
||
-drive file=guixsd.img \
|
||
-drive file=guixsd-usb-install-@value{VERSION}.@var{system}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
In the VM console, quickly press the @kbd{F12} key to enter the boot
|
||
menu. Then press the @kbd{2} key and the @kbd{RET} key to validate your
|
||
selection.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
You're now root in the VM, proceed with the installation process.
|
||
@xref{Preparing for Installation}, and follow the instructions.
|
||
@end enumerate
|
||
|
||
Once installation is complete, you can boot the system that's on your
|
||
@file{guixsd.img} image. @xref{Running GuixSD in a VM}, for how to do
|
||
that.
|
||
|
||
@node Building the Installation Image
|
||
@subsection Building the Installation Image
|
||
|
||
The installation image described above was built using the @command{guix
|
||
system} command, specifically:
|
||
|
||
@c FIXME: 1G is too much; see <http://bugs.gnu.org/23077>.
|
||
@example
|
||
guix system disk-image --image-size=1G gnu/system/install.scm
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Have a look at @file{gnu/system/install.scm} in the source tree,
|
||
and see also @ref{Invoking guix system} for more information
|
||
about the installation image.
|
||
|
||
@node System Configuration
|
||
@section System Configuration
|
||
|
||
@cindex system configuration
|
||
The Guix System Distribution supports a consistent whole-system configuration
|
||
mechanism. By that we mean that all aspects of the global system
|
||
configuration---such as the available system services, timezone and
|
||
locale settings, user accounts---are declared in a single place. Such
|
||
a @dfn{system configuration} can be @dfn{instantiated}---i.e., effected.
|
||
|
||
One of the advantages of putting all the system configuration under the
|
||
control of Guix is that it supports transactional system upgrades, and
|
||
makes it possible to roll back to a previous system instantiation,
|
||
should something go wrong with the new one (@pxref{Features}). Another
|
||
advantage is that it makes it easy to replicate the exact same configuration
|
||
across different machines, or at different points in time, without
|
||
having to resort to additional administration tools layered on top of
|
||
the own tools of the system.
|
||
@c Yes, we're talking of Puppet, Chef, & co. here. ↑
|
||
|
||
This section describes this mechanism. First we focus on the system
|
||
administrator's viewpoint---explaining how the system is configured and
|
||
instantiated. Then we show how this mechanism can be extended, for
|
||
instance to support new system services.
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Using the Configuration System:: Customizing your GNU system.
|
||
* operating-system Reference:: Detail of operating-system declarations.
|
||
* File Systems:: Configuring file system mounts.
|
||
* Mapped Devices:: Block device extra processing.
|
||
* User Accounts:: Specifying user accounts.
|
||
* Locales:: Language and cultural convention settings.
|
||
* Services:: Specifying system services.
|
||
* Setuid Programs:: Programs running with root privileges.
|
||
* X.509 Certificates:: Authenticating HTTPS servers.
|
||
* Name Service Switch:: Configuring libc's name service switch.
|
||
* Initial RAM Disk:: Linux-Libre bootstrapping.
|
||
* GRUB Configuration:: Configuring the boot loader.
|
||
* Invoking guix system:: Instantiating a system configuration.
|
||
* Running GuixSD in a VM:: How to run GuixSD in a virtual machine.
|
||
* Defining Services:: Adding new service definitions.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Using the Configuration System
|
||
@subsection Using the Configuration System
|
||
|
||
The operating system is configured by providing an
|
||
@code{operating-system} declaration in a file that can then be passed to
|
||
the @command{guix system} command (@pxref{Invoking guix system}). A
|
||
simple setup, with the default system services, the default Linux-Libre
|
||
kernel, initial RAM disk, and boot loader looks like this:
|
||
|
||
@findex operating-system
|
||
@lisp
|
||
@include os-config-bare-bones.texi
|
||
@end lisp
|
||
|
||
This example should be self-describing. Some of the fields defined
|
||
above, such as @code{host-name} and @code{bootloader}, are mandatory.
|
||
Others, such as @code{packages} and @code{services}, can be omitted, in
|
||
which case they get a default value.
|
||
|
||
Below we discuss the effect of some of the most important fields
|
||
(@pxref{operating-system Reference}, for details about all the available
|
||
fields), and how to @dfn{instantiate} the operating system using
|
||
@command{guix system}.
|
||
|
||
@unnumberedsubsubsec Globally-Visible Packages
|
||
|
||
@vindex %base-packages
|
||
The @code{packages} field lists packages that will be globally visible
|
||
on the system, for all user accounts---i.e., in every user's @code{PATH}
|
||
environment variable---in addition to the per-user profiles
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix package}). The @var{%base-packages} variable
|
||
provides all the tools one would expect for basic user and administrator
|
||
tasks---including the GNU Core Utilities, the GNU Networking Utilities,
|
||
the GNU Zile lightweight text editor, @command{find}, @command{grep},
|
||
etc. The example above adds tcpdump to those, taken from the @code{(gnu
|
||
packages admin)} module (@pxref{Package Modules}).
|
||
|
||
@findex specification->package
|
||
Referring to packages by variable name, like @var{tcpdump} above, has
|
||
the advantage of being unambiguous; it also allows typos and such to be
|
||
diagnosed right away as ``unbound variables''. The downside is that one
|
||
needs to know which module defines which package, and to augment the
|
||
@code{use-package-modules} line accordingly. To avoid that, one can use
|
||
the @code{specification->package} procedure of the @code{(gnu packages)}
|
||
module, which returns the best package for a given name or name and
|
||
version:
|
||
|
||
@lisp
|
||
(use-modules (gnu packages))
|
||
|
||
(operating-system
|
||
;; ...
|
||
(packages (append (map specification->package
|
||
'("tcpdump" "htop" "gnupg@@2.0"))
|
||
%base-packages)))
|
||
@end lisp
|
||
|
||
@unnumberedsubsubsec System Services
|
||
|
||
@vindex %base-services
|
||
The @code{services} field lists @dfn{system services} to be made
|
||
available when the system starts (@pxref{Services}).
|
||
The @code{operating-system} declaration above specifies that, in
|
||
addition to the basic services, we want the @command{lshd} secure shell
|
||
daemon listening on port 2222 (@pxref{Networking Services,
|
||
@code{lsh-service}}). Under the hood,
|
||
@code{lsh-service} arranges so that @code{lshd} is started with the
|
||
right command-line options, possibly with supporting configuration files
|
||
generated as needed (@pxref{Defining Services}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex customization, of services
|
||
@findex modify-services
|
||
Occasionally, instead of using the base services as is, you will want to
|
||
customize them. To do this, use @code{modify-services} (@pxref{Service
|
||
Reference, @code{modify-services}}) to modify the list.
|
||
|
||
For example, suppose you want to modify @code{guix-daemon} and Mingetty
|
||
(the console log-in) in the @var{%base-services} list (@pxref{Base
|
||
Services, @code{%base-services}}). To do that, you can write the
|
||
following in your operating system declaration:
|
||
|
||
@lisp
|
||
(define %my-services
|
||
;; My very own list of services.
|
||
(modify-services %base-services
|
||
(guix-service-type config =>
|
||
(guix-configuration
|
||
(inherit config)
|
||
(use-substitutes? #f)
|
||
(extra-options '("--gc-keep-derivations"))))
|
||
(mingetty-service-type config =>
|
||
(mingetty-configuration
|
||
(inherit config)
|
||
(motd (plain-file "motd" "Howdy!"))))))
|
||
|
||
(operating-system
|
||
;; @dots{}
|
||
(services %my-services))
|
||
@end lisp
|
||
|
||
This changes the configuration---i.e., the service parameters---of the
|
||
@code{guix-service-type} instance, and that of all the
|
||
@code{mingetty-service-type} instances in the @var{%base-services} list.
|
||
Observe how this is accomplished: first, we arrange for the original
|
||
configuration to be bound to the identifier @code{config} in the
|
||
@var{body}, and then we write the @var{body} so that it evaluates to the
|
||
desired configuration. In particular, notice how we use @code{inherit}
|
||
to create a new configuration which has the same values as the old
|
||
configuration, but with a few modifications.
|
||
|
||
The configuration for a typical ``desktop'' usage, with the X11 display
|
||
server, GNOME and Xfce (users can choose which of these desktop
|
||
environments to use at the log-in screen by pressing @kbd{F1}), network
|
||
management, power management, and more, would look like this:
|
||
|
||
@lisp
|
||
@include os-config-desktop.texi
|
||
@end lisp
|
||
|
||
A graphical environment with a choice of lightweight window managers
|
||
instead of full-blown desktop environments would look like this:
|
||
|
||
@lisp
|
||
@include os-config-lightweight-desktop.texi
|
||
@end lisp
|
||
|
||
@xref{Desktop Services}, for the exact list of services provided by
|
||
@var{%desktop-services}. @xref{X.509 Certificates}, for background
|
||
information about the @code{nss-certs} package that is used here.
|
||
|
||
Again, @var{%desktop-services} is just a list of service objects. If
|
||
you want to remove services from there, you can do so using the
|
||
procedures for list filtering (@pxref{SRFI-1 Filtering and
|
||
Partitioning,,, guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual}). For instance, the
|
||
following expression returns a list that contains all the services in
|
||
@var{%desktop-services} minus the Avahi service:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(remove (lambda (service)
|
||
(eq? (service-kind service) avahi-service-type))
|
||
%desktop-services)
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@unnumberedsubsubsec Instantiating the System
|
||
|
||
Assuming the @code{operating-system} declaration
|
||
is stored in the @file{my-system-config.scm}
|
||
file, the @command{guix system reconfigure my-system-config.scm} command
|
||
instantiates that configuration, and makes it the default GRUB boot
|
||
entry (@pxref{Invoking guix system}).
|
||
|
||
The normal way to change the system configuration is by updating this
|
||
file and re-running @command{guix system reconfigure}. One should never
|
||
have to touch files in @command{/etc} or to run commands that modify the
|
||
system state such as @command{useradd} or @command{grub-install}. In
|
||
fact, you must avoid that since that would not only void your warranty
|
||
but also prevent you from rolling back to previous versions of your
|
||
system, should you ever need to.
|
||
|
||
@cindex roll-back, of the operating system
|
||
Speaking of roll-back, each time you run @command{guix system
|
||
reconfigure}, a new @dfn{generation} of the system is created---without
|
||
modifying or deleting previous generations. Old system generations get
|
||
an entry in the GRUB boot menu, allowing you to boot them in case
|
||
something went wrong with the latest generation. Reassuring, no? The
|
||
@command{guix system list-generations} command lists the system
|
||
generations available on disk.
|
||
|
||
@unnumberedsubsubsec The Programming Interface
|
||
|
||
At the Scheme level, the bulk of an @code{operating-system} declaration
|
||
is instantiated with the following monadic procedure (@pxref{The Store
|
||
Monad}):
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} operating-system-derivation os
|
||
Return a derivation that builds @var{os}, an @code{operating-system}
|
||
object (@pxref{Derivations}).
|
||
|
||
The output of the derivation is a single directory that refers to all
|
||
the packages, configuration files, and other supporting files needed to
|
||
instantiate @var{os}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
This procedure is provided by the @code{(gnu system)} module. Along
|
||
with @code{(gnu services)} (@pxref{Services}), this module contains the
|
||
guts of GuixSD. Make sure to visit it!
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node operating-system Reference
|
||
@subsection @code{operating-system} Reference
|
||
|
||
This section summarizes all the options available in
|
||
@code{operating-system} declarations (@pxref{Using the Configuration
|
||
System}).
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} operating-system
|
||
This is the data type representing an operating system configuration.
|
||
By that, we mean all the global system configuration, not per-user
|
||
configuration (@pxref{Using the Configuration System}).
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{kernel} (default: @var{linux-libre})
|
||
The package object of the operating system kernel to use@footnote{Currently
|
||
only the Linux-libre kernel is supported. In the future, it will be
|
||
possible to use the GNU@tie{}Hurd.}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{kernel-arguments} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
List of strings or gexps representing additional arguments to pass on
|
||
the command-line of the kernel---e.g., @code{("console=ttyS0")}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{bootloader}
|
||
The system bootloader configuration object. @xref{GRUB Configuration}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{initrd} (default: @code{base-initrd})
|
||
A two-argument monadic procedure that returns an initial RAM disk for
|
||
the Linux kernel. @xref{Initial RAM Disk}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{firmware} (default: @var{%base-firmware})
|
||
@cindex firmware
|
||
List of firmware packages loadable by the operating system kernel.
|
||
|
||
The default includes firmware needed for Atheros-based WiFi devices
|
||
(Linux-libre module @code{ath9k}). @xref{Hardware Considerations}, for
|
||
more info on supported hardware.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{host-name}
|
||
The host name.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{hosts-file}
|
||
@cindex hosts file
|
||
A file-like object (@pxref{G-Expressions, file-like objects}) for use as
|
||
@file{/etc/hosts} (@pxref{Host Names,,, libc, The GNU C Library
|
||
Reference Manual}). The default is a file with entries for
|
||
@code{localhost} and @var{host-name}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{mapped-devices} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
A list of mapped devices. @xref{Mapped Devices}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{file-systems}
|
||
A list of file systems. @xref{File Systems}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{swap-devices} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
@cindex swap devices
|
||
A list of strings identifying devices to be used for ``swap space''
|
||
(@pxref{Memory Concepts,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}).
|
||
For example, @code{'("/dev/sda3")}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{users} (default: @code{%base-user-accounts})
|
||
@itemx @code{groups} (default: @var{%base-groups})
|
||
List of user accounts and groups. @xref{User Accounts}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{skeletons} (default: @code{(default-skeletons)})
|
||
A list target file name/file-like object tuples (@pxref{G-Expressions,
|
||
file-like objects}). These are the skeleton files that will be added to
|
||
the home directory of newly-created user accounts.
|
||
|
||
For instance, a valid value may look like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
`((".bashrc" ,(plain-file "bashrc" "echo Hello\n"))
|
||
(".guile" ,(plain-file "guile"
|
||
"(use-modules (ice-9 readline))
|
||
(activate-readline)")))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item @code{issue} (default: @var{%default-issue})
|
||
A string denoting the contents of the @file{/etc/issue} file, which is
|
||
displayed when users log in on a text console.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{packages} (default: @var{%base-packages})
|
||
The set of packages installed in the global profile, which is accessible
|
||
at @file{/run/current-system/profile}.
|
||
|
||
The default set includes core utilities and it is good practice to
|
||
install non-core utilities in user profiles (@pxref{Invoking guix
|
||
package}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{timezone}
|
||
A timezone identifying string---e.g., @code{"Europe/Paris"}.
|
||
|
||
You can run the @command{tzselect} command to find out which timezone
|
||
string corresponds to your region. Choosing an invalid timezone name
|
||
causes @command{guix system} to fail.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{locale} (default: @code{"en_US.utf8"})
|
||
The name of the default locale (@pxref{Locale Names,,, libc, The GNU C
|
||
Library Reference Manual}). @xref{Locales}, for more information.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{locale-definitions} (default: @var{%default-locale-definitions})
|
||
The list of locale definitions to be compiled and that may be used at
|
||
run time. @xref{Locales}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{locale-libcs} (default: @code{(list @var{glibc})})
|
||
The list of GNU@tie{}libc packages whose locale data and tools are used
|
||
to build the locale definitions. @xref{Locales}, for compatibility
|
||
considerations that justify this option.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{name-service-switch} (default: @var{%default-nss})
|
||
Configuration of the libc name service switch (NSS)---a
|
||
@code{<name-service-switch>} object. @xref{Name Service Switch}, for
|
||
details.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{services} (default: @var{%base-services})
|
||
A list of service objects denoting system services. @xref{Services}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{pam-services} (default: @code{(base-pam-services)})
|
||
@cindex PAM
|
||
@cindex pluggable authentication modules
|
||
Linux @dfn{pluggable authentication module} (PAM) services.
|
||
@c FIXME: Add xref to PAM services section.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{setuid-programs} (default: @var{%setuid-programs})
|
||
List of string-valued G-expressions denoting setuid programs.
|
||
@xref{Setuid Programs}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{sudoers-file} (default: @var{%sudoers-specification})
|
||
@cindex sudoers file
|
||
The contents of the @file{/etc/sudoers} file as a file-like object
|
||
(@pxref{G-Expressions, @code{local-file} and @code{plain-file}}).
|
||
|
||
This file specifies which users can use the @command{sudo} command, what
|
||
they are allowed to do, and what privileges they may gain. The default
|
||
is that only @code{root} and members of the @code{wheel} group may use
|
||
@code{sudo}.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@node File Systems
|
||
@subsection File Systems
|
||
|
||
The list of file systems to be mounted is specified in the
|
||
@code{file-systems} field of the operating system declaration
|
||
(@pxref{Using the Configuration System}). Each file system is declared
|
||
using the @code{file-system} form, like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(file-system
|
||
(mount-point "/home")
|
||
(device "/dev/sda3")
|
||
(type "ext4"))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
As usual, some of the fields are mandatory---those shown in the example
|
||
above---while others can be omitted. These are described below.
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} file-system
|
||
Objects of this type represent file systems to be mounted. They
|
||
contain the following members:
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{type}
|
||
This is a string specifying the type of the file system---e.g.,
|
||
@code{"ext4"}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{mount-point}
|
||
This designates the place where the file system is to be mounted.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{device}
|
||
This names the ``source'' of the file system. By default it is the name
|
||
of a node under @file{/dev}, but its meaning depends on the @code{title}
|
||
field described below.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{title} (default: @code{'device})
|
||
This is a symbol that specifies how the @code{device} field is to be
|
||
interpreted.
|
||
|
||
When it is the symbol @code{device}, then the @code{device} field is
|
||
interpreted as a file name; when it is @code{label}, then @code{device}
|
||
is interpreted as a partition label name; when it is @code{uuid},
|
||
@code{device} is interpreted as a partition unique identifier (UUID).
|
||
|
||
UUIDs may be converted from their string representation (as shown by the
|
||
@command{tune2fs -l} command) using the @code{uuid} form@footnote{The
|
||
@code{uuid} form expects 16-byte UUIDs as defined in
|
||
@uref{https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4122, RFC@tie{}4122}. This is the
|
||
form of UUID used by the ext2 family of file systems and others, but it
|
||
is different from ``UUIDs'' found in FAT file systems, for instance.},
|
||
like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(file-system
|
||
(mount-point "/home")
|
||
(type "ext4")
|
||
(title 'uuid)
|
||
(device (uuid "4dab5feb-d176-45de-b287-9b0a6e4c01cb")))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The @code{label} and @code{uuid} options offer a way to refer to disk
|
||
partitions without having to hard-code their actual device
|
||
name@footnote{Note that, while it is tempting to use
|
||
@file{/dev/disk/by-uuid} and similar device names to achieve the same
|
||
result, this is not recommended: These special device nodes are created
|
||
by the udev daemon and may be unavailable at the time the device is
|
||
mounted.}.
|
||
|
||
However, when the source of a file system is a mapped device (@pxref{Mapped
|
||
Devices}), its @code{device} field @emph{must} refer to the mapped
|
||
device name---e.g., @file{/dev/mapper/root-partition}---and consequently
|
||
@code{title} must be set to @code{'device}. This is required so that
|
||
the system knows that mounting the file system depends on having the
|
||
corresponding device mapping established.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{flags} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
This is a list of symbols denoting mount flags. Recognized flags
|
||
include @code{read-only}, @code{bind-mount}, @code{no-dev} (disallow
|
||
access to special files), @code{no-suid} (ignore setuid and setgid
|
||
bits), and @code{no-exec} (disallow program execution.)
|
||
|
||
@item @code{options} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
This is either @code{#f}, or a string denoting mount options.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{mount?} (default: @code{#t})
|
||
This value indicates whether to automatically mount the file system when
|
||
the system is brought up. When set to @code{#f}, the file system gets
|
||
an entry in @file{/etc/fstab} (read by the @command{mount} command) but
|
||
is not automatically mounted.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{needed-for-boot?} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
This Boolean value indicates whether the file system is needed when
|
||
booting. If that is true, then the file system is mounted when the
|
||
initial RAM disk (initrd) is loaded. This is always the case, for
|
||
instance, for the root file system.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{check?} (default: @code{#t})
|
||
This Boolean indicates whether the file system needs to be checked for
|
||
errors before being mounted.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{create-mount-point?} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
When true, the mount point is created if it does not exist yet.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{dependencies} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
This is a list of @code{<file-system>} objects representing file systems
|
||
that must be mounted before (and unmounted after) this one.
|
||
|
||
As an example, consider a hierarchy of mounts: @file{/sys/fs/cgroup} is
|
||
a dependency of @file{/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu} and
|
||
@file{/sys/fs/cgroup/memory}.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
The @code{(gnu system file-systems)} exports the following useful
|
||
variables.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %base-file-systems
|
||
These are essential file systems that are required on normal systems,
|
||
such as @var{%pseudo-terminal-file-system} and @var{%immutable-store} (see
|
||
below.) Operating system declarations should always contain at least
|
||
these.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %pseudo-terminal-file-system
|
||
This is the file system to be mounted as @file{/dev/pts}. It supports
|
||
@dfn{pseudo-terminals} created @i{via} @code{openpty} and similar
|
||
functions (@pxref{Pseudo-Terminals,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference
|
||
Manual}). Pseudo-terminals are used by terminal emulators such as
|
||
@command{xterm}.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %shared-memory-file-system
|
||
This file system is mounted as @file{/dev/shm} and is used to support
|
||
memory sharing across processes (@pxref{Memory-mapped I/O,
|
||
@code{shm_open},, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}).
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %immutable-store
|
||
This file system performs a read-only ``bind mount'' of
|
||
@file{/gnu/store}, making it read-only for all the users including
|
||
@code{root}. This prevents against accidental modification by software
|
||
running as @code{root} or by system administrators.
|
||
|
||
The daemon itself is still able to write to the store: it remounts it
|
||
read-write in its own ``name space.''
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %binary-format-file-system
|
||
The @code{binfmt_misc} file system, which allows handling of arbitrary
|
||
executable file types to be delegated to user space. This requires the
|
||
@code{binfmt.ko} kernel module to be loaded.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %fuse-control-file-system
|
||
The @code{fusectl} file system, which allows unprivileged users to mount
|
||
and unmount user-space FUSE file systems. This requires the
|
||
@code{fuse.ko} kernel module to be loaded.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@node Mapped Devices
|
||
@subsection Mapped Devices
|
||
|
||
@cindex device mapping
|
||
@cindex mapped devices
|
||
The Linux kernel has a notion of @dfn{device mapping}: a block device,
|
||
such as a hard disk partition, can be @dfn{mapped} into another device,
|
||
usually in @code{/dev/mapper/},
|
||
with additional processing over the data that flows through
|
||
it@footnote{Note that the GNU@tie{}Hurd makes no difference between the
|
||
concept of a ``mapped device'' and that of a file system: both boil down
|
||
to @emph{translating} input/output operations made on a file to
|
||
operations on its backing store. Thus, the Hurd implements mapped
|
||
devices, like file systems, using the generic @dfn{translator} mechanism
|
||
(@pxref{Translators,,, hurd, The GNU Hurd Reference Manual}).}. A
|
||
typical example is encryption device mapping: all writes to the mapped
|
||
device are encrypted, and all reads are deciphered, transparently.
|
||
Guix extends this notion by considering any device or set of devices that
|
||
are @dfn{transformed} in some way to create a new device; for instance,
|
||
RAID devices are obtained by @dfn{assembling} several other devices, such
|
||
as hard disks or partitions, into a new one that behaves as one partition.
|
||
Other examples, not yet implemented, are LVM logical volumes.
|
||
|
||
Mapped devices are declared using the @code{mapped-device} form,
|
||
defined as follows; for examples, see below.
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} mapped-device
|
||
Objects of this type represent device mappings that will be made when
|
||
the system boots up.
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item source
|
||
This is either a string specifying the name of the block device to be mapped,
|
||
such as @code{"/dev/sda3"}, or a list of such strings when several devices
|
||
need to be assembled for creating a new one.
|
||
|
||
@item target
|
||
This string specifies the name of the resulting mapped device. For
|
||
kernel mappers such as encrypted devices of type @code{luks-device-mapping},
|
||
specifying @code{"my-partition"} leads to the creation of
|
||
the @code{"/dev/mapper/my-partition"} device.
|
||
For RAID devices of type @code{raid-device-mapping}, the full device name
|
||
such as @code{"/dev/md0"} needs to be given.
|
||
|
||
@item type
|
||
This must be a @code{mapped-device-kind} object, which specifies how
|
||
@var{source} is mapped to @var{target}.
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} luks-device-mapping
|
||
This defines LUKS block device encryption using the @command{cryptsetup}
|
||
command from the package with the same name. It relies on the
|
||
@code{dm-crypt} Linux kernel module.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} raid-device-mapping
|
||
This defines a RAID device, which is assembled using the @code{mdadm}
|
||
command from the package with the same name. It requires a Linux kernel
|
||
module for the appropriate RAID level to be loaded, such as @code{raid456}
|
||
for RAID-4, RAID-5 or RAID-6, or @code{raid10} for RAID-10.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@cindex disk encryption
|
||
@cindex LUKS
|
||
The following example specifies a mapping from @file{/dev/sda3} to
|
||
@file{/dev/mapper/home} using LUKS---the
|
||
@url{http://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup,Linux Unified Key Setup}, a
|
||
standard mechanism for disk encryption.
|
||
The @file{/dev/mapper/home}
|
||
device can then be used as the @code{device} of a @code{file-system}
|
||
declaration (@pxref{File Systems}).
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(mapped-device
|
||
(source "/dev/sda3")
|
||
(target "home")
|
||
(type luks-device-mapping))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Alternatively, to become independent of device numbering, one may obtain
|
||
the LUKS UUID (@dfn{unique identifier}) of the source device by a
|
||
command like:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
cryptsetup luksUUID /dev/sda3
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
and use it as follows:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(mapped-device
|
||
(source (uuid "cb67fc72-0d54-4c88-9d4b-b225f30b0f44"))
|
||
(target "home")
|
||
(type luks-device-mapping))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
A RAID device formed of the partitions @file{/dev/sda1} and @file{/dev/sdb1}
|
||
may be declared as follows:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(mapped-device
|
||
(source (list "/dev/sda1" "/dev/sdb1"))
|
||
(target "/dev/md0")
|
||
(type raid-device-mapping))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The @file{/dev/md0} device can then be used as the @code{device} of a
|
||
@code{file-system} declaration (@pxref{File Systems}).
|
||
Note that the RAID level need not be given; it is chosen during the
|
||
initial creation and formatting of the RAID device and is determined
|
||
automatically later.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node User Accounts
|
||
@subsection User Accounts
|
||
|
||
User accounts and groups are entirely managed through the
|
||
@code{operating-system} declaration. They are specified with the
|
||
@code{user-account} and @code{user-group} forms:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(user-account
|
||
(name "alice")
|
||
(group "users")
|
||
(supplementary-groups '("wheel" ;allow use of sudo, etc.
|
||
"audio" ;sound card
|
||
"video" ;video devices such as webcams
|
||
"cdrom")) ;the good ol' CD-ROM
|
||
(comment "Bob's sister")
|
||
(home-directory "/home/alice"))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
When booting or upon completion of @command{guix system reconfigure},
|
||
the system ensures that only the user accounts and groups specified in
|
||
the @code{operating-system} declaration exist, and with the specified
|
||
properties. Thus, account or group creations or modifications made by
|
||
directly invoking commands such as @command{useradd} are lost upon
|
||
reconfiguration or reboot. This ensures that the system remains exactly
|
||
as declared.
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} user-account
|
||
Objects of this type represent user accounts. The following members may
|
||
be specified:
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{name}
|
||
The name of the user account.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{group}
|
||
This is the name (a string) or identifier (a number) of the user group
|
||
this account belongs to.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{supplementary-groups} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
Optionally, this can be defined as a list of group names that this
|
||
account belongs to.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{uid} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
This is the user ID for this account (a number), or @code{#f}. In the
|
||
latter case, a number is automatically chosen by the system when the
|
||
account is created.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{comment} (default: @code{""})
|
||
A comment about the account, such as the account owner's full name.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{home-directory}
|
||
This is the name of the home directory for the account.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{shell} (default: Bash)
|
||
This is a G-expression denoting the file name of a program to be used as
|
||
the shell (@pxref{G-Expressions}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{system?} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
This Boolean value indicates whether the account is a ``system''
|
||
account. System accounts are sometimes treated specially; for instance,
|
||
graphical login managers do not list them.
|
||
|
||
@anchor{user-account-password}
|
||
@item @code{password} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
You would normally leave this field to @code{#f}, initialize user
|
||
passwords as @code{root} with the @command{passwd} command, and then let
|
||
users change it with @command{passwd}. Passwords set with
|
||
@command{passwd} are of course preserved across reboot and
|
||
reconfiguration.
|
||
|
||
If you @emph{do} want to have a preset password for an account, then
|
||
this field must contain the encrypted password, as a string.
|
||
@xref{crypt,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}, for more information
|
||
on password encryption, and @ref{Encryption,,, guile, GNU Guile Reference
|
||
Manual}, for information on Guile's @code{crypt} procedure.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
User group declarations are even simpler:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(user-group (name "students"))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} user-group
|
||
This type is for, well, user groups. There are just a few fields:
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{name}
|
||
The name of the group.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{id} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
The group identifier (a number). If @code{#f}, a new number is
|
||
automatically allocated when the group is created.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{system?} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
This Boolean value indicates whether the group is a ``system'' group.
|
||
System groups have low numerical IDs.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{password} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
What, user groups can have a password? Well, apparently yes. Unless
|
||
@code{#f}, this field specifies the password of the group.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
For convenience, a variable lists all the basic user groups one may
|
||
expect:
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %base-groups
|
||
This is the list of basic user groups that users and/or packages expect
|
||
to be present on the system. This includes groups such as ``root'',
|
||
``wheel'', and ``users'', as well as groups used to control access to
|
||
specific devices such as ``audio'', ``disk'', and ``cdrom''.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %base-user-accounts
|
||
This is the list of basic system accounts that programs may expect to
|
||
find on a GNU/Linux system, such as the ``nobody'' account.
|
||
|
||
Note that the ``root'' account is not included here. It is a
|
||
special-case and is automatically added whether or not it is specified.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@node Locales
|
||
@subsection Locales
|
||
|
||
@cindex locale
|
||
A @dfn{locale} defines cultural conventions for a particular language
|
||
and region of the world (@pxref{Locales,,, libc, The GNU C Library
|
||
Reference Manual}). Each locale has a name that typically has the form
|
||
@code{@var{language}_@var{territory}.@var{codeset}}---e.g.,
|
||
@code{fr_LU.utf8} designates the locale for the French language, with
|
||
cultural conventions from Luxembourg, and using the UTF-8 encoding.
|
||
|
||
@cindex locale definition
|
||
Usually, you will want to specify the default locale for the machine
|
||
using the @code{locale} field of the @code{operating-system} declaration
|
||
(@pxref{operating-system Reference, @code{locale}}).
|
||
|
||
The selected locale is automatically added to the @dfn{locale
|
||
definitions} known to the system if needed, with its codeset inferred
|
||
from its name---e.g., @code{bo_CN.utf8} will be assumed to use the
|
||
@code{UTF-8} codeset. Additional locale definitions can be specified in
|
||
the @code{locale-definitions} slot of @code{operating-system}---this is
|
||
useful, for instance, if the codeset could not be inferred from the
|
||
locale name. The default set of locale definitions includes some widely
|
||
used locales, but not all the available locales, in order to save space.
|
||
|
||
For instance, to add the North Frisian locale for Germany, the value of
|
||
that field may be:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(cons (locale-definition
|
||
(name "fy_DE.utf8") (source "fy_DE"))
|
||
%default-locale-definitions)
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Likewise, to save space, one might want @code{locale-definitions} to
|
||
list only the locales that are actually used, as in:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(list (locale-definition
|
||
(name "ja_JP.eucjp") (source "ja_JP")
|
||
(charset "EUC-JP")))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@vindex LOCPATH
|
||
The compiled locale definitions are available at
|
||
@file{/run/current-system/locale/X.Y}, where @code{X.Y} is the libc
|
||
version, which is the default location where the GNU@tie{}libc provided
|
||
by Guix looks for locale data. This can be overridden using the
|
||
@code{LOCPATH} environment variable (@pxref{locales-and-locpath,
|
||
@code{LOCPATH} and locale packages}).
|
||
|
||
The @code{locale-definition} form is provided by the @code{(gnu system
|
||
locale)} module. Details are given below.
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} locale-definition
|
||
This is the data type of a locale definition.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
|
||
@item @code{name}
|
||
The name of the locale. @xref{Locale Names,,, libc, The GNU C Library
|
||
Reference Manual}, for more information on locale names.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{source}
|
||
The name of the source for that locale. This is typically the
|
||
@code{@var{language}_@var{territory}} part of the locale name.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{charset} (default: @code{"UTF-8"})
|
||
The ``character set'' or ``code set'' for that locale,
|
||
@uref{http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets, as defined by
|
||
IANA}.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %default-locale-definitions
|
||
A list of commonly used UTF-8 locales, used as the default
|
||
value of the @code{locale-definitions} field of @code{operating-system}
|
||
declarations.
|
||
|
||
@cindex locale name
|
||
@cindex normalized codeset in locale names
|
||
These locale definitions use the @dfn{normalized codeset} for the part
|
||
that follows the dot in the name (@pxref{Using gettextized software,
|
||
normalized codeset,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}). So for
|
||
instance it has @code{uk_UA.utf8} but @emph{not}, say,
|
||
@code{uk_UA.UTF-8}.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@subsubsection Locale Data Compatibility Considerations
|
||
|
||
@cindex incompatibility, of locale data
|
||
@code{operating-system} declarations provide a @code{locale-libcs} field
|
||
to specify the GNU@tie{}libc packages that are used to compile locale
|
||
declarations (@pxref{operating-system Reference}). ``Why would I
|
||
care?'', you may ask. Well, it turns out that the binary format of
|
||
locale data is occasionally incompatible from one libc version to
|
||
another.
|
||
|
||
@c See <https://sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2015-09/msg00575.html>
|
||
@c and <https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/guix-devel/2015-08/msg00737.html>.
|
||
For instance, a program linked against libc version 2.21 is unable to
|
||
read locale data produced with libc 2.22; worse, that program
|
||
@emph{aborts} instead of simply ignoring the incompatible locale
|
||
data@footnote{Versions 2.23 and later of GNU@tie{}libc will simply skip
|
||
the incompatible locale data, which is already an improvement.}.
|
||
Similarly, a program linked against libc 2.22 can read most, but not
|
||
all, of the locale data from libc 2.21 (specifically, @code{LC_COLLATE}
|
||
data is incompatible); thus calls to @code{setlocale} may fail, but
|
||
programs will not abort.
|
||
|
||
The ``problem'' in GuixSD is that users have a lot of freedom: They can
|
||
choose whether and when to upgrade software in their profiles, and might
|
||
be using a libc version different from the one the system administrator
|
||
used to build the system-wide locale data.
|
||
|
||
Fortunately, unprivileged users can also install their own locale data
|
||
and define @var{GUIX_LOCPATH} accordingly (@pxref{locales-and-locpath,
|
||
@code{GUIX_LOCPATH} and locale packages}).
|
||
|
||
Still, it is best if the system-wide locale data at
|
||
@file{/run/current-system/locale} is built for all the libc versions
|
||
actually in use on the system, so that all the programs can access
|
||
it---this is especially crucial on a multi-user system. To do that, the
|
||
administrator can specify several libc packages in the
|
||
@code{locale-libcs} field of @code{operating-system}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(use-package-modules base)
|
||
|
||
(operating-system
|
||
;; @dots{}
|
||
(locale-libcs (list glibc-2.21 (canonical-package glibc))))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This example would lead to a system containing locale definitions for
|
||
both libc 2.21 and the current version of libc in
|
||
@file{/run/current-system/locale}.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Services
|
||
@subsection Services
|
||
|
||
@cindex system services
|
||
An important part of preparing an @code{operating-system} declaration is
|
||
listing @dfn{system services} and their configuration (@pxref{Using the
|
||
Configuration System}). System services are typically daemons launched
|
||
when the system boots, or other actions needed at that time---e.g.,
|
||
configuring network access.
|
||
|
||
GuixSD has a broad definition of ``service'' (@pxref{Service
|
||
Composition}), but many services are managed by the GNU@tie{}Shepherd
|
||
(@pxref{Shepherd Services}). On a running system, the @command{herd}
|
||
command allows you to list the available services, show their status,
|
||
start and stop them, or do other specific operations (@pxref{Jump
|
||
Start,,, shepherd, The GNU Shepherd Manual}). For example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# herd status
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The above command, run as @code{root}, lists the currently defined
|
||
services. The @command{herd doc} command shows a synopsis of the given
|
||
service:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# herd doc nscd
|
||
Run libc's name service cache daemon (nscd).
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The @command{start}, @command{stop}, and @command{restart} sub-commands
|
||
have the effect you would expect. For instance, the commands below stop
|
||
the nscd service and restart the Xorg display server:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# herd stop nscd
|
||
Service nscd has been stopped.
|
||
# herd restart xorg-server
|
||
Service xorg-server has been stopped.
|
||
Service xorg-server has been started.
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The following sections document the available services, starting with
|
||
the core services, that may be used in an @code{operating-system}
|
||
declaration.
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Base Services:: Essential system services.
|
||
* Scheduled Job Execution:: The mcron service.
|
||
* Networking Services:: Network setup, SSH daemon, etc.
|
||
* X Window:: Graphical display.
|
||
* Desktop Services:: D-Bus and desktop services.
|
||
* Database Services:: SQL databases.
|
||
* Mail Services:: IMAP, POP3, SMTP, and all that.
|
||
* Web Services:: Web servers.
|
||
* Various Services:: Other services.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Base Services
|
||
@subsubsection Base Services
|
||
|
||
The @code{(gnu services base)} module provides definitions for the basic
|
||
services that one expects from the system. The services exported by
|
||
this module are listed below.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %base-services
|
||
This variable contains a list of basic services (@pxref{Service Types
|
||
and Services}, for more information on service objects) one would
|
||
expect from the system: a login service (mingetty) on each tty, syslogd,
|
||
the libc name service cache daemon (nscd), the udev device manager, and
|
||
more.
|
||
|
||
This is the default value of the @code{services} field of
|
||
@code{operating-system} declarations. Usually, when customizing a
|
||
system, you will want to append services to @var{%base-services}, like
|
||
this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(cons* (avahi-service) (lsh-service) %base-services)
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} host-name-service @var{name}
|
||
Return a service that sets the host name to @var{name}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} mingetty-service @var{config}
|
||
Return a service to run mingetty according to @var{config}, a
|
||
@code{<mingetty-configuration>} object, which specifies the tty to run, among
|
||
other things.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} mingetty-configuration
|
||
This is the data type representing the configuration of Mingetty, which
|
||
implements console log-in.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
|
||
@item @code{tty}
|
||
The name of the console this Mingetty runs on---e.g., @code{"tty1"}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{motd}
|
||
A file-like object containing the ``message of the day''.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{auto-login} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
When true, this field must be a string denoting the user name under
|
||
which the system automatically logs in. When it is @code{#f}, a
|
||
user name and password must be entered to log in.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{login-program} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
This must be either @code{#f}, in which case the default log-in program
|
||
is used (@command{login} from the Shadow tool suite), or a gexp denoting
|
||
the name of the log-in program.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{login-pause?} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
When set to @code{#t} in conjunction with @var{auto-login}, the user
|
||
will have to press a key before the log-in shell is launched.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{mingetty} (default: @var{mingetty})
|
||
The Mingetty package to use.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@cindex name service cache daemon
|
||
@cindex nscd
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} nscd-service [@var{config}] [#:glibc glibc] @
|
||
[#:name-services '()]
|
||
Return a service that runs the libc name service cache daemon (nscd) with the
|
||
given @var{config}---an @code{<nscd-configuration>} object. @xref{Name
|
||
Service Switch}, for an example.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %nscd-default-configuration
|
||
This is the default @code{<nscd-configuration>} value (see below) used
|
||
by @code{nscd-service}. It uses the caches defined by
|
||
@var{%nscd-default-caches}; see below.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} nscd-configuration
|
||
This is the data type representing the name service cache daemon (nscd)
|
||
configuration.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
|
||
@item @code{name-services} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
List of packages denoting @dfn{name services} that must be visible to
|
||
the nscd---e.g., @code{(list @var{nss-mdns})}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{glibc} (default: @var{glibc})
|
||
Package object denoting the GNU C Library providing the @command{nscd}
|
||
command.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{log-file} (default: @code{"/var/log/nscd.log"})
|
||
Name of the nscd log file. This is where debugging output goes when
|
||
@code{debug-level} is strictly positive.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{debug-level} (default: @code{0})
|
||
Integer denoting the debugging levels. Higher numbers mean that more
|
||
debugging output is logged.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{caches} (default: @var{%nscd-default-caches})
|
||
List of @code{<nscd-cache>} objects denoting things to be cached; see
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} nscd-cache
|
||
Data type representing a cache database of nscd and its parameters.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
|
||
@item @code{database}
|
||
This is a symbol representing the name of the database to be cached.
|
||
Valid values are @code{passwd}, @code{group}, @code{hosts}, and
|
||
@code{services}, which designate the corresponding NSS database
|
||
(@pxref{NSS Basics,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{positive-time-to-live}
|
||
@itemx @code{negative-time-to-live} (default: @code{20})
|
||
A number representing the number of seconds during which a positive or
|
||
negative lookup result remains in cache.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{check-files?} (default: @code{#t})
|
||
Whether to check for updates of the files corresponding to
|
||
@var{database}.
|
||
|
||
For instance, when @var{database} is @code{hosts}, setting this flag
|
||
instructs nscd to check for updates in @file{/etc/hosts} and to take
|
||
them into account.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{persistent?} (default: @code{#t})
|
||
Whether the cache should be stored persistently on disk.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{shared?} (default: @code{#t})
|
||
Whether the cache should be shared among users.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{max-database-size} (default: 32@tie{}MiB)
|
||
Maximum size in bytes of the database cache.
|
||
|
||
@c XXX: 'suggested-size' and 'auto-propagate?' seem to be expert
|
||
@c settings, so leave them out.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %nscd-default-caches
|
||
List of @code{<nscd-cache>} objects used by default by
|
||
@code{nscd-configuration} (see above).
|
||
|
||
It enables persistent and aggressive caching of service and host name
|
||
lookups. The latter provides better host name lookup performance,
|
||
resilience in the face of unreliable name servers, and also better
|
||
privacy---often the result of host name lookups is in local cache, so
|
||
external name servers do not even need to be queried.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} syslog-service @
|
||
[#:config-file @var{%default-syslog.conf}]
|
||
Return a service that runs @command{syslogd}. If the configuration file
|
||
name @var{config-file} is not specified, use some reasonable default
|
||
settings.
|
||
|
||
@xref{syslogd invocation,,, inetutils, GNU Inetutils}, for more
|
||
information on the configuration file syntax.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@anchor{guix-configuration-type}
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} guix-configuration
|
||
This data type represents the configuration of the Guix build daemon.
|
||
@xref{Invoking guix-daemon}, for more information.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{guix} (default: @var{guix})
|
||
The Guix package to use.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{build-group} (default: @code{"guixbuild"})
|
||
Name of the group for build user accounts.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{build-accounts} (default: @code{10})
|
||
Number of build user accounts to create.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{authorize-key?} (default: @code{#t})
|
||
Whether to authorize the substitute key for @code{hydra.gnu.org}
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{use-substitutes?} (default: @code{#t})
|
||
Whether to use substitutes.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{substitute-urls} (default: @var{%default-substitute-urls})
|
||
The list of URLs where to look for substitutes by default.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{extra-options} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
List of extra command-line options for @command{guix-daemon}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{lsof} (default: @var{lsof})
|
||
@itemx @code{lsh} (default: @var{lsh})
|
||
The lsof and lsh packages to use.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} guix-service @var{config}
|
||
Return a service that runs the Guix build daemon according to
|
||
@var{config}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} udev-service [#:udev udev]
|
||
Run @var{udev}, which populates the @file{/dev} directory dynamically.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} urandom-seed-service @var{#f}
|
||
Save some entropy in @var{%random-seed-file} to seed @file{/dev/urandom}
|
||
when rebooting.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %random-seed-file
|
||
This is the name of the file where some random bytes are saved by
|
||
@var{urandom-seed-service} to seed @file{/dev/urandom} when rebooting.
|
||
It defaults to @file{/var/lib/random-seed}.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} console-keymap-service @var{files} ...
|
||
@cindex keyboard layout
|
||
Return a service to load console keymaps from @var{files} using
|
||
@command{loadkeys} command. Most likely, you want to load some default
|
||
keymap, which can be done like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(console-keymap-service "dvorak")
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Or, for example, for a Swedish keyboard, you may need to combine
|
||
the following keymaps:
|
||
@example
|
||
(console-keymap-service "se-lat6" "se-fi-lat6")
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Also you can specify a full file name (or file names) of your keymap(s).
|
||
See @code{man loadkeys} for details.
|
||
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} gpm-service [#:gpm @var{gpm}] @
|
||
[#:options]
|
||
Run @var{gpm}, the general-purpose mouse daemon, with the given
|
||
command-line @var{options}. GPM allows users to use the mouse in the console,
|
||
notably to select, copy, and paste text. The default value of @var{options}
|
||
uses the @code{ps2} protocol, which works for both USB and PS/2 mice.
|
||
|
||
This service is not part of @var{%base-services}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@anchor{guix-publish-service}
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} guix-publish-service [#:guix @var{guix}] @
|
||
[#:port 80] [#:host "localhost"]
|
||
Return a service that runs @command{guix publish} listening on @var{host}
|
||
and @var{port} (@pxref{Invoking guix publish}).
|
||
|
||
This assumes that @file{/etc/guix} already contains a signing key pair as
|
||
created by @command{guix archive --generate-key} (@pxref{Invoking guix
|
||
archive}). If that is not the case, the service will fail to start.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@anchor{rngd-service}
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} rngd-service [#:rng-tools @var{rng-tools}] @
|
||
[#:device "/dev/hwrng"]
|
||
Return a service that runs the @command{rngd} program from @var{rng-tools}
|
||
to add @var{device} to the kernel's entropy pool. The service will fail if
|
||
@var{device} does not exist.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@anchor{pam-limits-service}
|
||
@cindex session limits
|
||
@cindex ulimit
|
||
@cindex priority
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} pam-limits-service [#:limits @var{limits}]
|
||
|
||
Return a service that installs a configuration file for the
|
||
@uref{http://linux-pam.org/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_limits.html,
|
||
@code{pam_limits} module}. The procedure optionally takes a list of
|
||
@code{pam-limits-entry} values, which can be used to specify
|
||
@code{ulimit} limits and nice priority limits to user sessions.
|
||
|
||
The following limits definition sets two hard and soft limits for all
|
||
login sessions of users in the @code{realtime} group:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(pam-limits-service
|
||
(list
|
||
(pam-limits-entry "@@realtime" 'both 'rtprio 99)
|
||
(pam-limits-entry "@@realtime" 'both 'memlock 'unlimited)))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The first entry increases the maximum realtime priority for
|
||
non-privileged processes; the second entry lifts any restriction of the
|
||
maximum address space that can be locked in memory. These settings are
|
||
commonly used for real-time audio systems.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@node Scheduled Job Execution
|
||
@subsubsection Scheduled Job Execution
|
||
|
||
@cindex cron
|
||
@cindex scheduling jobs
|
||
The @code{(gnu services mcron)} module provides an interface to
|
||
GNU@tie{}mcron, a daemon to run jobs at scheduled times (@pxref{Top,,,
|
||
mcron, GNU@tie{}mcron}). GNU@tie{}mcron is similar to the traditional
|
||
Unix @command{cron} daemon; the main difference is that it is
|
||
implemented in Guile Scheme, which provides a lot of flexibility when
|
||
specifying the scheduling of jobs and their actions.
|
||
|
||
The example below defines an operating system that runs the
|
||
@command{updatedb} (@pxref{Invoking updatedb,,, find, Finding Files})
|
||
and the @command{guix gc} commands (@pxref{Invoking guix gc}) daily, as
|
||
well as the @command{mkid} command on behalf of an unprivileged user
|
||
(@pxref{mkid invocation,,, idutils, ID Database Utilities}). It uses
|
||
gexps to introduce job definitions that are passed to mcron
|
||
(@pxref{G-Expressions}).
|
||
|
||
@lisp
|
||
(use-modules (guix) (gnu) (gnu services mcron))
|
||
(use-package-modules base idutils)
|
||
|
||
(define updatedb-job
|
||
;; Run 'updatedb' at 3AM every day. Here we write the
|
||
;; job's action as a Scheme procedure.
|
||
#~(job '(next-hour '(3))
|
||
(lambda ()
|
||
(execl (string-append #$findutils "/bin/updatedb")
|
||
"updatedb"
|
||
"--prunepaths=/tmp /var/tmp /gnu/store"))))
|
||
|
||
(define garbage-collector-job
|
||
;; Collect garbage 5 minutes after midnight every day.
|
||
;; The job's action is a shell command.
|
||
#~(job "5 0 * * *" ;Vixie cron syntax
|
||
"guix gc -F 1G"))
|
||
|
||
(define idutils-job
|
||
;; Update the index database as user "charlie" at 12:15PM
|
||
;; and 19:15PM. This runs from the user's home directory.
|
||
#~(job '(next-minute-from (next-hour '(12 19)) '(15))
|
||
(string-append #$idutils "/bin/mkid src")
|
||
#:user "charlie"))
|
||
|
||
(operating-system
|
||
;; @dots{}
|
||
(services (cons (mcron-service (list garbage-collector-job
|
||
updatedb-job
|
||
idutils-job))
|
||
%base-services)))
|
||
@end lisp
|
||
|
||
@xref{Guile Syntax, mcron job specifications,, mcron, GNU@tie{}mcron},
|
||
for more information on mcron job specifications. Below is the
|
||
reference of the mcron service.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} mcron-service @var{jobs} [#:mcron @var{mcron2}]
|
||
Return an mcron service running @var{mcron} that schedules @var{jobs}, a
|
||
list of gexps denoting mcron job specifications.
|
||
|
||
This is a shorthand for:
|
||
@example
|
||
(service mcron-service-type
|
||
(mcron-configuration (mcron mcron) (jobs jobs)))
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} mcron-service-type
|
||
This is the type of the @code{mcron} service, whose value is an
|
||
@code{mcron-configuration} object.
|
||
|
||
This service type can be the target of a service extension that provides
|
||
it additional job specifications (@pxref{Service Composition}). In
|
||
other words, it is possible to define services that provide additional
|
||
mcron jobs to run.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} mcron-configuration
|
||
Data type representing the configuration of mcron.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{mcron} (default: @var{mcron2})
|
||
The mcron package to use.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{jobs}
|
||
This is a list of gexps (@pxref{G-Expressions}), where each gexp
|
||
corresponds to an mcron job specification (@pxref{Syntax, mcron job
|
||
specifications,, mcron, GNU@tie{}mcron}).
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Networking Services
|
||
@subsubsection Networking Services
|
||
|
||
The @code{(gnu services networking)} module provides services to configure
|
||
the network interface.
|
||
|
||
@cindex DHCP, networking service
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dhcp-client-service [#:dhcp @var{isc-dhcp}]
|
||
Return a service that runs @var{dhcp}, a Dynamic Host Configuration
|
||
Protocol (DHCP) client, on all the non-loopback network interfaces.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} static-networking-service @var{interface} @var{ip} @
|
||
[#:gateway #f] [#:name-servers @code{'()}]
|
||
Return a service that starts @var{interface} with address @var{ip}. If
|
||
@var{gateway} is true, it must be a string specifying the default network
|
||
gateway.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@cindex wicd
|
||
@cindex network management
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} wicd-service [#:wicd @var{wicd}]
|
||
Return a service that runs @url{https://launchpad.net/wicd,Wicd}, a network
|
||
management daemon that aims to simplify wired and wireless networking.
|
||
|
||
This service adds the @var{wicd} package to the global profile, providing
|
||
several commands to interact with the daemon and configure networking:
|
||
@command{wicd-client}, a graphical user interface, and the @command{wicd-cli}
|
||
and @command{wicd-curses} user interfaces.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@cindex NetworkManager
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} network-manager-service @
|
||
[#:network-manager @var{network-manager}]
|
||
Return a service that runs NetworkManager, a network connection manager
|
||
attempting to keep network connectivity active when available.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@cindex Connman
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} connman-service @
|
||
[#:connman @var{connman}]
|
||
Return a service that runs @url{https://01.org/connman,Connman}, a network
|
||
connection manager.
|
||
|
||
This service adds the @var{connman} package to the global profile, providing
|
||
several the @command{connmanctl} command to interact with the daemon and
|
||
configure networking."
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} ntp-service [#:ntp @var{ntp}] @
|
||
[#:name-service @var{%ntp-servers}]
|
||
Return a service that runs the daemon from @var{ntp}, the
|
||
@uref{http://www.ntp.org, Network Time Protocol package}. The daemon will
|
||
keep the system clock synchronized with that of @var{servers}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %ntp-servers
|
||
List of host names used as the default NTP servers.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tor-service [@var{config-file}] [#:tor @var{tor}]
|
||
Return a service to run the @uref{https://torproject.org, Tor} anonymous
|
||
networking daemon.
|
||
|
||
The daemon runs as the @code{tor} unprivileged user. It is passed
|
||
@var{config-file}, a file-like object, with an additional @code{User tor} line
|
||
and lines for hidden services added via @code{tor-hidden-service}. Run
|
||
@command{man tor} for information about the configuration file.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@cindex hidden service
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tor-hidden-service @var{name} @var{mapping}
|
||
Define a new Tor @dfn{hidden service} called @var{name} and implementing
|
||
@var{mapping}. @var{mapping} is a list of port/host tuples, such as:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
'((22 "127.0.0.1:22")
|
||
(80 "127.0.0.1:8080"))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
In this example, port 22 of the hidden service is mapped to local port 22, and
|
||
port 80 is mapped to local port 8080.
|
||
|
||
This creates a @file{/var/lib/tor/hidden-services/@var{name}} directory, where
|
||
the @file{hostname} file contains the @code{.onion} host name for the hidden
|
||
service.
|
||
|
||
See @uref{https://www.torproject.org/docs/tor-hidden-service.html.en, the Tor
|
||
project's documentation} for more information.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} bitlbee-service [#:bitlbee bitlbee] @
|
||
[#:interface "127.0.0.1"] [#:port 6667] @
|
||
[#:extra-settings ""]
|
||
Return a service that runs @url{http://bitlbee.org,BitlBee}, a daemon that
|
||
acts as a gateway between IRC and chat networks.
|
||
|
||
The daemon will listen to the interface corresponding to the IP address
|
||
specified in @var{interface}, on @var{port}. @code{127.0.0.1} means that only
|
||
local clients can connect, whereas @code{0.0.0.0} means that connections can
|
||
come from any networking interface.
|
||
|
||
In addition, @var{extra-settings} specifies a string to append to the
|
||
configuration file.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
Furthermore, @code{(gnu services ssh)} provides the following services.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} lsh-service [#:host-key "/etc/lsh/host-key"] @
|
||
[#:daemonic? #t] [#:interfaces '()] [#:port-number 22] @
|
||
[#:allow-empty-passwords? #f] [#:root-login? #f] @
|
||
[#:syslog-output? #t] [#:x11-forwarding? #t] @
|
||
[#:tcp/ip-forwarding? #t] [#:password-authentication? #t] @
|
||
[#:public-key-authentication? #t] [#:initialize? #t]
|
||
Run the @command{lshd} program from @var{lsh} to listen on port @var{port-number}.
|
||
@var{host-key} must designate a file containing the host key, and readable
|
||
only by root.
|
||
|
||
When @var{daemonic?} is true, @command{lshd} will detach from the
|
||
controlling terminal and log its output to syslogd, unless one sets
|
||
@var{syslog-output?} to false. Obviously, it also makes lsh-service
|
||
depend on existence of syslogd service. When @var{pid-file?} is true,
|
||
@command{lshd} writes its PID to the file called @var{pid-file}.
|
||
|
||
When @var{initialize?} is true, automatically create the seed and host key
|
||
upon service activation if they do not exist yet. This may take long and
|
||
require interaction.
|
||
|
||
When @var{initialize?} is false, it is up to the user to initialize the
|
||
randomness generator (@pxref{lsh-make-seed,,, lsh, LSH Manual}), and to create
|
||
a key pair with the private key stored in file @var{host-key} (@pxref{lshd
|
||
basics,,, lsh, LSH Manual}).
|
||
|
||
When @var{interfaces} is empty, lshd listens for connections on all the
|
||
network interfaces; otherwise, @var{interfaces} must be a list of host names
|
||
or addresses.
|
||
|
||
@var{allow-empty-passwords?} specifies whether to accept log-ins with empty
|
||
passwords, and @var{root-login?} specifies whether to accept log-ins as
|
||
root.
|
||
|
||
The other options should be self-descriptive.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dropbear-service [@var{config}]
|
||
Run the @uref{https://matt.ucc.asn.au/dropbear/dropbear.html,Dropbear SSH
|
||
daemon} with the given @var{config}, a @code{<dropbear-configuration>}
|
||
object.
|
||
|
||
For example, to specify a Dropbear service listening on port 1234, add
|
||
this call to the operating system's @code{services} field:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(dropbear-service (dropbear-configuration
|
||
(port-number 1234)))
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} dropbear-configuration
|
||
This data type represents the configuration of a Dropbear SSH daemon.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{dropbear} (default: @var{dropbear})
|
||
The Dropbear package to use.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{port-number} (default: 22)
|
||
The TCP port where the daemon waits for incoming connections.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{syslog-output?} (default: @code{#t})
|
||
Whether to enable syslog output.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{pid-file} (default: @code{"/var/run/dropbear.pid"})
|
||
File name of the daemon's PID file.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{root-login?} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
Whether to allow @code{root} logins.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{allow-empty-passwords?} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
Whether to allow empty passwords.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{password-authentication?} (default: @code{#t})
|
||
Whether to enable password-based authentication.
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %facebook-host-aliases
|
||
This variable contains a string for use in @file{/etc/hosts}
|
||
(@pxref{Host Names,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}). Each
|
||
line contains a entry that maps a known server name of the Facebook
|
||
on-line service---e.g., @code{www.facebook.com}---to the local
|
||
host---@code{127.0.0.1} or its IPv6 equivalent, @code{::1}.
|
||
|
||
This variable is typically used in the @code{hosts-file} field of an
|
||
@code{operating-system} declaration (@pxref{operating-system Reference,
|
||
@file{/etc/hosts}}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(use-modules (gnu) (guix))
|
||
|
||
(operating-system
|
||
(host-name "mymachine")
|
||
;; ...
|
||
(hosts-file
|
||
;; Create a /etc/hosts file with aliases for "localhost"
|
||
;; and "mymachine", as well as for Facebook servers.
|
||
(plain-file "hosts"
|
||
(string-append (local-host-aliases host-name)
|
||
%facebook-host-aliases))))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This mechanism can prevent programs running locally, such as Web
|
||
browsers, from accessing Facebook.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
The @code{(gnu services avahi)} provides the following definition.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} avahi-service [#:avahi @var{avahi}] @
|
||
[#:host-name #f] [#:publish? #t] [#:ipv4? #t] @
|
||
[#:ipv6? #t] [#:wide-area? #f] @
|
||
[#:domains-to-browse '()] [#:debug? #f]
|
||
Return a service that runs @command{avahi-daemon}, a system-wide
|
||
mDNS/DNS-SD responder that allows for service discovery and
|
||
"zero-configuration" host name lookups (see @uref{http://avahi.org/}), and
|
||
extends the name service cache daemon (nscd) so that it can resolve
|
||
@code{.local} host names using
|
||
@uref{http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/nss-mdns/, nss-mdns}. Additionally,
|
||
add the @var{avahi} package to the system profile so that commands such as
|
||
@command{avahi-browse} are directly usable.
|
||
|
||
If @var{host-name} is different from @code{#f}, use that as the host name to
|
||
publish for this machine; otherwise, use the machine's actual host name.
|
||
|
||
When @var{publish?} is true, publishing of host names and services is allowed;
|
||
in particular, avahi-daemon will publish the machine's host name and IP
|
||
address via mDNS on the local network.
|
||
|
||
When @var{wide-area?} is true, DNS-SD over unicast DNS is enabled.
|
||
|
||
Boolean values @var{ipv4?} and @var{ipv6?} determine whether to use IPv4/IPv6
|
||
sockets.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node X Window
|
||
@subsubsection X Window
|
||
|
||
Support for the X Window graphical display system---specifically
|
||
Xorg---is provided by the @code{(gnu services xorg)} module. Note that
|
||
there is no @code{xorg-service} procedure. Instead, the X server is
|
||
started by the @dfn{login manager}, currently SLiM.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} slim-service [#:allow-empty-passwords? #f] @
|
||
[#:auto-login? #f] [#:default-user ""] [#:startx] @
|
||
[#:theme @var{%default-slim-theme}] @
|
||
[#:theme-name @var{%default-slim-theme-name}]
|
||
Return a service that spawns the SLiM graphical login manager, which in
|
||
turn starts the X display server with @var{startx}, a command as returned by
|
||
@code{xorg-start-command}.
|
||
|
||
@cindex X session
|
||
|
||
SLiM automatically looks for session types described by the @file{.desktop}
|
||
files in @file{/run/current-system/profile/share/xsessions} and allows users
|
||
to choose a session from the log-in screen using @kbd{F1}. Packages such as
|
||
@var{xfce}, @var{sawfish}, and @var{ratpoison} provide @file{.desktop} files;
|
||
adding them to the system-wide set of packages automatically makes them
|
||
available at the log-in screen.
|
||
|
||
In addition, @file{~/.xsession} files are honored. When available,
|
||
@file{~/.xsession} must be an executable that starts a window manager
|
||
and/or other X clients.
|
||
|
||
When @var{allow-empty-passwords?} is true, allow logins with an empty
|
||
password. When @var{auto-login?} is true, log in automatically as
|
||
@var{default-user}.
|
||
|
||
If @var{theme} is @code{#f}, use the default log-in theme; otherwise
|
||
@var{theme} must be a gexp denoting the name of a directory containing the
|
||
theme to use. In that case, @var{theme-name} specifies the name of the
|
||
theme.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %default-theme
|
||
@defvrx {Scheme Variable} %default-theme-name
|
||
The G-Expression denoting the default SLiM theme and its name.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} xorg-start-command [#:guile] @
|
||
[#:configuration-file #f] [#:xorg-server @var{xorg-server}]
|
||
Return a derivation that builds a @var{guile} script to start the X server
|
||
from @var{xorg-server}. @var{configuration-file} is the server configuration
|
||
file or a derivation that builds it; when omitted, the result of
|
||
@code{xorg-configuration-file} is used.
|
||
|
||
Usually the X server is started by a login manager.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} xorg-configuration-file @
|
||
[#:drivers '()] [#:resolutions '()] [#:extra-config '()]
|
||
Return a configuration file for the Xorg server containing search paths for
|
||
all the common drivers.
|
||
|
||
@var{drivers} must be either the empty list, in which case Xorg chooses a
|
||
graphics driver automatically, or a list of driver names that will be tried in
|
||
this order---e.g., @code{(\"modesetting\" \"vesa\")}.
|
||
|
||
Likewise, when @var{resolutions} is the empty list, Xorg chooses an
|
||
appropriate screen resolution; otherwise, it must be a list of
|
||
resolutions---e.g., @code{((1024 768) (640 480))}.
|
||
|
||
Last, @var{extra-config} is a list of strings or objects appended to the
|
||
@code{text-file*} argument list. It is used to pass extra text to be added
|
||
verbatim to the configuration file.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} screen-locker-service @var{package} [@var{name}]
|
||
Add @var{package}, a package for a screen-locker or screen-saver whose
|
||
command is @var{program}, to the set of setuid programs and add a PAM entry
|
||
for it. For example:
|
||
|
||
@lisp
|
||
(screen-locker-service xlockmore "xlock")
|
||
@end lisp
|
||
|
||
makes the good ol' XlockMore usable.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Desktop Services
|
||
@subsubsection Desktop Services
|
||
|
||
The @code{(gnu services desktop)} module provides services that are
|
||
usually useful in the context of a ``desktop'' setup---that is, on a
|
||
machine running a graphical display server, possibly with graphical user
|
||
interfaces, etc. It also defines services that provide specific desktop
|
||
environments like GNOME and XFCE.
|
||
|
||
To simplify things, the module defines a variable containing the set of
|
||
services that users typically expect on a machine with a graphical
|
||
environment and networking:
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %desktop-services
|
||
This is a list of services that builds upon @var{%base-services} and
|
||
adds or adjusts services for a typical ``desktop'' setup.
|
||
|
||
In particular, it adds a graphical login manager (@pxref{X Window,
|
||
@code{slim-service}}), screen lockers,
|
||
a network management tool (@pxref{Networking
|
||
Services, @code{wicd-service}}), energy and color management services,
|
||
the @code{elogind} login and seat manager, the Polkit privilege service,
|
||
the GeoClue location service, an NTP client (@pxref{Networking
|
||
Services}), the Avahi daemon, and has the name service switch service
|
||
configured to be able to use @code{nss-mdns} (@pxref{Name Service
|
||
Switch, mDNS}).
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
The @var{%desktop-services} variable can be used as the @code{services}
|
||
field of an @code{operating-system} declaration (@pxref{operating-system
|
||
Reference, @code{services}}).
|
||
|
||
Additionally, the @code{gnome-desktop-service} and
|
||
@code{xfce-desktop-service} procedures can add GNOME and/or XFCE to a
|
||
system. To ``add GNOME'' means that system-level services like the
|
||
backlight adjustment helpers and the power management utilities are
|
||
added to the system, extending @code{polkit} and @code{dbus}
|
||
appropriately, allowing GNOME to operate with elevated privileges on a
|
||
limited number of special-purpose system interfaces. Additionally,
|
||
adding a service made by @code{gnome-desktop-service} adds the GNOME
|
||
metapackage to the system profile. Likewise, adding the XFCE service
|
||
not only adds the @code{xfce} metapackage to the system profile, but it
|
||
also gives the Thunar file manager the ability to open a ``root-mode''
|
||
file management window, if the user authenticates using the
|
||
administrator's password via the standard polkit graphical interface.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} gnome-desktop-service
|
||
Return a service that adds the @code{gnome} package to the system
|
||
profile, and extends polkit with the actions from
|
||
@code{gnome-settings-daemon}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} xfce-desktop-service
|
||
Return a service that adds the @code{xfce} package to the system profile,
|
||
and extends polkit with the abilit for @code{thunar} to manipulate the
|
||
file system as root from within a user session, after the user has
|
||
authenticated with the administrator's password.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
Because the GNOME and XFCE desktop services pull in so many packages,
|
||
the default @code{%desktop-services} variable doesn't include either of
|
||
them by default. To add GNOME or XFCE, just @code{cons} them onto
|
||
@code{%desktop-services} in the @code{services} field of your
|
||
@code{operating-system}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(use-modules (gnu))
|
||
(use-service-modules desktop)
|
||
(operating-system
|
||
...
|
||
;; cons* adds items to the list given as its last argument.
|
||
(services (cons* (gnome-desktop-service)
|
||
(xfce-desktop-service)
|
||
%desktop-services))
|
||
...)
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
These desktop environments will then be available as options in the
|
||
graphical login window.
|
||
|
||
The actual service definitions included in @code{%desktop-services} and
|
||
provided by @code{(gnu services dbus)} and @code{(gnu services desktop)}
|
||
are described below.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dbus-service [#:dbus @var{dbus}] [#:services '()]
|
||
Return a service that runs the ``system bus'', using @var{dbus}, with
|
||
support for @var{services}.
|
||
|
||
@uref{http://dbus.freedesktop.org/, D-Bus} is an inter-process communication
|
||
facility. Its system bus is used to allow system services to communicate
|
||
and to be notified of system-wide events.
|
||
|
||
@var{services} must be a list of packages that provide an
|
||
@file{etc/dbus-1/system.d} directory containing additional D-Bus configuration
|
||
and policy files. For example, to allow avahi-daemon to use the system bus,
|
||
@var{services} must be equal to @code{(list avahi)}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} elogind-service [#:config @var{config}]
|
||
Return a service that runs the @code{elogind} login and
|
||
seat management daemon. @uref{https://github.com/andywingo/elogind,
|
||
Elogind} exposes a D-Bus interface that can be used to know which users
|
||
are logged in, know what kind of sessions they have open, suspend the
|
||
system, inhibit system suspend, reboot the system, and other tasks.
|
||
|
||
Elogind handles most system-level power events for a computer, for
|
||
example suspending the system when a lid is closed, or shutting it down
|
||
when the power button is pressed.
|
||
|
||
The @var{config} keyword argument specifies the configuration for
|
||
elogind, and should be the result of an @code{(elogind-configuration
|
||
(@var{parameter} @var{value})...)} invocation. Available parameters and
|
||
their default values are:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item kill-user-processes?
|
||
@code{#f}
|
||
@item kill-only-users
|
||
@code{()}
|
||
@item kill-exclude-users
|
||
@code{("root")}
|
||
@item inhibit-delay-max-seconds
|
||
@code{5}
|
||
@item handle-power-key
|
||
@code{poweroff}
|
||
@item handle-suspend-key
|
||
@code{suspend}
|
||
@item handle-hibernate-key
|
||
@code{hibernate}
|
||
@item handle-lid-switch
|
||
@code{suspend}
|
||
@item handle-lid-switch-docked
|
||
@code{ignore}
|
||
@item power-key-ignore-inhibited?
|
||
@code{#f}
|
||
@item suspend-key-ignore-inhibited?
|
||
@code{#f}
|
||
@item hibernate-key-ignore-inhibited?
|
||
@code{#f}
|
||
@item lid-switch-ignore-inhibited?
|
||
@code{#t}
|
||
@item holdoff-timeout-seconds
|
||
@code{30}
|
||
@item idle-action
|
||
@code{ignore}
|
||
@item idle-action-seconds
|
||
@code{(* 30 60)}
|
||
@item runtime-directory-size-percent
|
||
@code{10}
|
||
@item runtime-directory-size
|
||
@code{#f}
|
||
@item remove-ipc?
|
||
@code{#t}
|
||
@item suspend-state
|
||
@code{("mem" "standby" "freeze")}
|
||
@item suspend-mode
|
||
@code{()}
|
||
@item hibernate-state
|
||
@code{("disk")}
|
||
@item hibernate-mode
|
||
@code{("platform" "shutdown")}
|
||
@item hybrid-sleep-state
|
||
@code{("disk")}
|
||
@item hybrid-sleep-mode
|
||
@code{("suspend" "platform" "shutdown")}
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} polkit-service @
|
||
[#:polkit @var{polkit}]
|
||
Return a service that runs the
|
||
@uref{http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/polkit/, Polkit privilege
|
||
management service}, which allows system administrators to grant access to
|
||
privileged operations in a structured way. By querying the Polkit service, a
|
||
privileged system component can know when it should grant additional
|
||
capabilities to ordinary users. For example, an ordinary user can be granted
|
||
the capability to suspend the system if the user is logged in locally.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} upower-service [#:upower @var{upower}] @
|
||
[#:watts-up-pro? #f] @
|
||
[#:poll-batteries? #t] @
|
||
[#:ignore-lid? #f] @
|
||
[#:use-percentage-for-policy? #f] @
|
||
[#:percentage-low 10] @
|
||
[#:percentage-critical 3] @
|
||
[#:percentage-action 2] @
|
||
[#:time-low 1200] @
|
||
[#:time-critical 300] @
|
||
[#:time-action 120] @
|
||
[#:critical-power-action 'hybrid-sleep]
|
||
Return a service that runs @uref{http://upower.freedesktop.org/,
|
||
@command{upowerd}}, a system-wide monitor for power consumption and battery
|
||
levels, with the given configuration settings. It implements the
|
||
@code{org.freedesktop.UPower} D-Bus interface, and is notably used by
|
||
GNOME.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} udisks-service [#:udisks @var{udisks}]
|
||
Return a service for @uref{http://udisks.freedesktop.org/docs/latest/,
|
||
UDisks}, a @dfn{disk management} daemon that provides user interfaces with
|
||
notifications and ways to mount/unmount disks. Programs that talk to UDisks
|
||
include the @command{udisksctl} command, part of UDisks, and GNOME Disks.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} colord-service [#:colord @var{colord}]
|
||
Return a service that runs @command{colord}, a system service with a D-Bus
|
||
interface to manage the color profiles of input and output devices such as
|
||
screens and scanners. It is notably used by the GNOME Color Manager graphical
|
||
tool. See @uref{http://www.freedesktop.org/software/colord/, the colord web
|
||
site} for more information.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} geoclue-application name [#:allowed? #t] [#:system? #f] [#:users '()]
|
||
Return a configuration allowing an application to access GeoClue
|
||
location data. @var{name} is the Desktop ID of the application, without
|
||
the @code{.desktop} part. If @var{allowed?} is true, the application
|
||
will have access to location information by default. The boolean
|
||
@var{system?} value indicates whether an application is a system component
|
||
or not. Finally @var{users} is a list of UIDs of all users for which
|
||
this application is allowed location info access. An empty users list
|
||
means that all users are allowed.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %standard-geoclue-applications
|
||
The standard list of well-known GeoClue application configurations,
|
||
granting authority to the GNOME date-and-time utility to ask for the
|
||
current location in order to set the time zone, and allowing the
|
||
IceCat and Epiphany web browsers to request location information.
|
||
IceCat and Epiphany both query the user before allowing a web page to
|
||
know the user's location.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} geoclue-service [#:colord @var{colord}] @
|
||
[#:whitelist '()] @
|
||
[#:wifi-geolocation-url "https://location.services.mozilla.com/v1/geolocate?key=geoclue"] @
|
||
[#:submit-data? #f]
|
||
[#:wifi-submission-url "https://location.services.mozilla.com/v1/submit?key=geoclue"] @
|
||
[#:submission-nick "geoclue"] @
|
||
[#:applications %standard-geoclue-applications]
|
||
Return a service that runs the GeoClue location service. This service
|
||
provides a D-Bus interface to allow applications to request access to a
|
||
user's physical location, and optionally to add information to online
|
||
location databases. See
|
||
@uref{https://wiki.freedesktop.org/www/Software/GeoClue/, the GeoClue
|
||
web site} for more information.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} bluetooth-service [#:bluez @var{bluez}]
|
||
Return a service that runs the @command{bluetoothd} daemon, which manages
|
||
all the Bluetooth devices and provides a number of D-Bus interfaces.
|
||
|
||
Users need to be in the @code{lp} group to access the D-Bus service.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@node Database Services
|
||
@subsubsection Database Services
|
||
|
||
The @code{(gnu services databases)} module provides the following services.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} postgresql-service [#:postgresql postgresql] @
|
||
[#:config-file] [#:data-directory ``/var/lib/postgresql/data'']
|
||
Return a service that runs @var{postgresql}, the PostgreSQL database
|
||
server.
|
||
|
||
The PostgreSQL daemon loads its runtime configuration from
|
||
@var{config-file} and stores the database cluster in
|
||
@var{data-directory}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} mysql-service [#:config (mysql-configuration)]
|
||
Return a service that runs @command{mysqld}, the MySQL or MariaDB
|
||
database server.
|
||
|
||
The optional @var{config} argument specifies the configuration for
|
||
@command{mysqld}, which should be a @code{<mysql-configuraiton>} object.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} mysql-configuration
|
||
Data type representing the configuration of @var{mysql-service}.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{mysql} (default: @var{mariadb})
|
||
Package object of the MySQL database server, can be either @var{mariadb}
|
||
or @var{mysql}.
|
||
|
||
For MySQL, a temorary root password will be displayed at activation time.
|
||
For MariaDB, the root password is empty.
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@node Mail Services
|
||
@subsubsection Mail Services
|
||
|
||
The @code{(gnu services mail)} module provides Guix service definitions
|
||
for mail services. Currently the only implemented service is Dovecot,
|
||
an IMAP, POP3, and LMTP server.
|
||
|
||
Guix does not yet have a mail transfer agent (MTA), although for some
|
||
lightweight purposes the @code{esmtp} relay-only MTA may suffice. Help
|
||
is needed to properly integrate a full MTA, such as Postfix. Patches
|
||
welcome!
|
||
|
||
To add an IMAP/POP3 server to a GuixSD system, add a
|
||
@code{dovecot-service} to the operating system definition:
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dovecot-service [#:config (dovecot-configuration)]
|
||
Return a service that runs the Dovecot IMAP/POP3/LMTP mail server.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
By default, Dovecot does not need much configuration; the default
|
||
configuration object created by @code{(dovecot-configuration)} will
|
||
suffice if your mail is delivered to @code{~/Maildir}. A self-signed
|
||
certificate will be generated for TLS-protected connections, though
|
||
Dovecot will also listen on cleartext ports by default. There are a
|
||
number of options, though, which mail administrators might need to change,
|
||
and as is the case with other services, Guix allows the system
|
||
administrator to specify these parameters via a uniform Scheme interface.
|
||
|
||
For example, to specify that mail is located at @code{maildir~/.mail},
|
||
one would instantiate the Dovecot service like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(dovecot-service #:config
|
||
(dovecot-configuration
|
||
(mail-location "maildir:~/.mail")))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The available configuration parameters follow. Each parameter
|
||
definition is preceded by its type; for example, @samp{string-list foo}
|
||
indicates that the @code{foo} parameter should be specified as a list of
|
||
strings. There is also a way to specify the configuration as a string,
|
||
if you have an old @code{dovecot.conf} file that you want to port over
|
||
from some other system; see the end for more details.
|
||
|
||
@c The following documentation was initially generated by
|
||
@c (generate-documentation) in (gnu services mail). Manually maintained
|
||
@c documentation is better, so we shouldn't hesitate to edit below as
|
||
@c needed. However if the change you want to make to this documentation
|
||
@c can be done in an automated way, it's probably easier to change
|
||
@c (generate-documentation) than to make it below and have to deal with
|
||
@c the churn as dovecot updates.
|
||
|
||
Available @code{dovecot-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} package dovecot
|
||
The dovecot package.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} comma-separated-string-list listen
|
||
A list of IPs or hosts where to listen for connections. @samp{*}
|
||
listens on all IPv4 interfaces, @samp{::} listens on all IPv6
|
||
interfaces. If you want to specify non-default ports or anything more
|
||
complex, customize the address and port fields of the
|
||
@samp{inet-listener} of the specific services you are interested in.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} protocol-configuration-list protocols
|
||
List of protocols we want to serve. Available protocols include
|
||
@samp{imap}, @samp{pop3}, and @samp{lmtp}.
|
||
|
||
Available @code{protocol-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{protocol-configuration} parameter} string name
|
||
The name of the protocol.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{protocol-configuration} parameter} string auth-socket-path
|
||
UNIX socket path to the master authentication server to find users.
|
||
This is used by imap (for shared users) and lda.
|
||
It defaults to @samp{"/var/run/dovecot/auth-userdb"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{protocol-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list mail-plugins
|
||
Space separated list of plugins to load.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{protocol-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer mail-max-userip-connections
|
||
Maximum number of IMAP connections allowed for a user from each IP
|
||
address. NOTE: The username is compared case-sensitively.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{10}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} service-configuration-list services
|
||
List of services to enable. Available services include @samp{imap},
|
||
@samp{imap-login}, @samp{pop3}, @samp{pop3-login}, @samp{auth}, and
|
||
@samp{lmtp}.
|
||
|
||
Available @code{service-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{service-configuration} parameter} string kind
|
||
The service kind. Valid values include @code{director},
|
||
@code{imap-login}, @code{pop3-login}, @code{lmtp}, @code{imap},
|
||
@code{pop3}, @code{auth}, @code{auth-worker}, @code{dict},
|
||
@code{tcpwrap}, @code{quota-warning}, or anything else.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{service-configuration} parameter} listener-configuration-list listeners
|
||
Listeners for the service. A listener is either a
|
||
@code{unix-listener-configuration}, a @code{fifo-listener-configuration}, or
|
||
an @code{inet-listener-configuration}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
|
||
Available @code{unix-listener-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{unix-listener-configuration} parameter} file-name path
|
||
The file name on which to listen.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{unix-listener-configuration} parameter} string mode
|
||
The access mode for the socket.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"0600"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{unix-listener-configuration} parameter} string user
|
||
The user to own the socket.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{unix-listener-configuration} parameter} string group
|
||
The group to own the socket.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
|
||
Available @code{fifo-listener-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{fifo-listener-configuration} parameter} file-name path
|
||
The file name on which to listen.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{fifo-listener-configuration} parameter} string mode
|
||
The access mode for the socket.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"0600"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{fifo-listener-configuration} parameter} string user
|
||
The user to own the socket.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{fifo-listener-configuration} parameter} string group
|
||
The group to own the socket.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
|
||
Available @code{inet-listener-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{inet-listener-configuration} parameter} string protocol
|
||
The protocol to listen for.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{inet-listener-configuration} parameter} string address
|
||
The address on which to listen, or empty for all addresses.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{inet-listener-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer port
|
||
The port on which to listen.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{inet-listener-configuration} parameter} boolean ssl?
|
||
Whether to use SSL for this service; @samp{yes}, @samp{no}, or
|
||
@samp{required}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#t}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{service-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer service-count
|
||
Number of connections to handle before starting a new process.
|
||
Typically the only useful values are 0 (unlimited) or 1. 1 is more
|
||
secure, but 0 is faster. <doc/wiki/LoginProcess.txt>.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{1}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{service-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer process-min-avail
|
||
Number of processes to always keep waiting for more connections.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{0}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{service-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer vsz-limit
|
||
If you set @samp{service-count 0}, you probably need to grow
|
||
this.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{256000000}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} dict-configuration dict
|
||
Dict configuration, as created by the @code{dict-configuration}
|
||
constructor.
|
||
|
||
Available @code{dict-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dict-configuration} parameter} free-form-fields entries
|
||
A list of key-value pairs that this dict should hold.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} passdb-configuration-list passdbs
|
||
A list of passdb configurations, each one created by the
|
||
@code{passdb-configuration} constructor.
|
||
|
||
Available @code{passdb-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{passdb-configuration} parameter} string driver
|
||
The driver that the passdb should use. Valid values include
|
||
@samp{pam}, @samp{passwd}, @samp{shadow}, @samp{bsdauth}, and
|
||
@samp{static}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"pam"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{passdb-configuration} parameter} free-form-args args
|
||
A list of key-value args to the passdb driver.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} userdb-configuration-list userdbs
|
||
List of userdb configurations, each one created by the
|
||
@code{userdb-configuration} constructor.
|
||
|
||
Available @code{userdb-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{userdb-configuration} parameter} string driver
|
||
The driver that the userdb should use. Valid values include
|
||
@samp{passwd} and @samp{static}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"passwd"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{userdb-configuration} parameter} free-form-args args
|
||
A list of key-value args to the userdb driver.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{userdb-configuration} parameter} free-form-args override-fields
|
||
Override fields from passwd.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} plugin-configuration plugin-configuration
|
||
Plug-in configuration, created by the @code{plugin-configuration}
|
||
constructor.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} list-of-namespace-configuration namespaces
|
||
List of namespaces. Each item in the list is created by the
|
||
@code{namespace-configuration} constructor.
|
||
|
||
Available @code{namespace-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{namespace-configuration} parameter} string name
|
||
Name for this namespace.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{namespace-configuration} parameter} string type
|
||
Namespace type: @samp{private}, @samp{shared} or @samp{public}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"private"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{namespace-configuration} parameter} string separator
|
||
Hierarchy separator to use. You should use the same separator for
|
||
all namespaces or some clients get confused. @samp{/} is usually a good
|
||
one. The default however depends on the underlying mail storage
|
||
format.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{namespace-configuration} parameter} string prefix
|
||
Prefix required to access this namespace. This needs to be
|
||
different for all namespaces. For example @samp{Public/}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{namespace-configuration} parameter} string location
|
||
Physical location of the mailbox. This is in the same format as
|
||
mail_location, which is also the default for it.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{namespace-configuration} parameter} boolean inbox?
|
||
There can be only one INBOX, and this setting defines which
|
||
namespace has it.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{namespace-configuration} parameter} boolean hidden?
|
||
If namespace is hidden, it's not advertised to clients via NAMESPACE
|
||
extension. You'll most likely also want to set @samp{list? #f}. This is mostly
|
||
useful when converting from another server with different namespaces
|
||
which you want to deprecate but still keep working. For example you can
|
||
create hidden namespaces with prefixes @samp{~/mail/}, @samp{~%u/mail/}
|
||
and @samp{mail/}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{namespace-configuration} parameter} boolean list?
|
||
Show the mailboxes under this namespace with the LIST command. This
|
||
makes the namespace visible for clients that do not support the NAMESPACE
|
||
extension. The special @code{children} value lists child mailboxes, but
|
||
hides the namespace prefix.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#t}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{namespace-configuration} parameter} boolean subscriptions?
|
||
Namespace handles its own subscriptions. If set to @code{#f}, the
|
||
parent namespace handles them. The empty prefix should always have this
|
||
as @code{#t}).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#t}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{namespace-configuration} parameter} mailbox-configuration-list mailboxes
|
||
List of predefined mailboxes in this namespace.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
|
||
Available @code{mailbox-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{mailbox-configuration} parameter} string name
|
||
Name for this mailbox.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{mailbox-configuration} parameter} string auto
|
||
@samp{create} will automatically create this mailbox.
|
||
@samp{subscribe} will both create and subscribe to the mailbox.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"no"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{mailbox-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list special-use
|
||
List of IMAP @code{SPECIAL-USE} attributes as specified by RFC 6154.
|
||
Valid values are @code{\All}, @code{\Archive}, @code{\Drafts},
|
||
@code{\Flagged}, @code{\Junk}, @code{\Sent}, and @code{\Trash}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} file-name base-dir
|
||
Base directory where to store runtime data.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"/var/run/dovecot/"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string login-greeting
|
||
Greeting message for clients.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"Dovecot ready."}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list login-trusted-networks
|
||
List of trusted network ranges. Connections from these IPs are
|
||
allowed to override their IP addresses and ports (for logging and for
|
||
authentication checks). @samp{disable-plaintext-auth} is also ignored
|
||
for these networks. Typically you would specify your IMAP proxy servers
|
||
here.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list login-access-sockets
|
||
List of login access check sockets (e.g. tcpwrap).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean verbose-proctitle?
|
||
Show more verbose process titles (in ps). Currently shows user name
|
||
and IP address. Useful for seeing who is actually using the IMAP
|
||
processes (e.g. shared mailboxes or if the same uid is used for multiple
|
||
accounts).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean shutdown-clients?
|
||
Should all processes be killed when Dovecot master process shuts down.
|
||
Setting this to @code{#f} means that Dovecot can be upgraded without
|
||
forcing existing client connections to close (although that could also
|
||
be a problem if the upgrade is e.g. due to a security fix).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#t}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer doveadm-worker-count
|
||
If non-zero, run mail commands via this many connections to doveadm
|
||
server, instead of running them directly in the same process.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{0}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string doveadm-socket-path
|
||
UNIX socket or host:port used for connecting to doveadm server.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"doveadm-server"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list import-environment
|
||
List of environment variables that are preserved on Dovecot startup
|
||
and passed down to all of its child processes. You can also give
|
||
key=value pairs to always set specific settings.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean disable-plaintext-auth?
|
||
Disable LOGIN command and all other plaintext authentications unless
|
||
SSL/TLS is used (LOGINDISABLED capability). Note that if the remote IP
|
||
matches the local IP (i.e. you're connecting from the same computer),
|
||
the connection is considered secure and plaintext authentication is
|
||
allowed. See also ssl=required setting.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#t}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer auth-cache-size
|
||
Authentication cache size (e.g. @samp{#e10e6}). 0 means it's disabled.
|
||
Note that bsdauth, PAM and vpopmail require @samp{cache-key} to be set
|
||
for caching to be used.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{0}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-cache-ttl
|
||
Time to live for cached data. After TTL expires the cached record
|
||
is no longer used, *except* if the main database lookup returns internal
|
||
failure. We also try to handle password changes automatically: If
|
||
user's previous authentication was successful, but this one wasn't, the
|
||
cache isn't used. For now this works only with plaintext
|
||
authentication.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"1 hour"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-cache-negative-ttl
|
||
TTL for negative hits (user not found, password mismatch).
|
||
0 disables caching them completely.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"1 hour"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list auth-realms
|
||
List of realms for SASL authentication mechanisms that need them.
|
||
You can leave it empty if you don't want to support multiple realms.
|
||
Many clients simply use the first one listed here, so keep the default
|
||
realm first.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-default-realm
|
||
Default realm/domain to use if none was specified. This is used for
|
||
both SASL realms and appending @@domain to username in plaintext
|
||
logins.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-username-chars
|
||
List of allowed characters in username. If the user-given username
|
||
contains a character not listed in here, the login automatically fails.
|
||
This is just an extra check to make sure user can't exploit any
|
||
potential quote escaping vulnerabilities with SQL/LDAP databases. If
|
||
you want to allow all characters, set this value to empty.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ01234567890.-_@@"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-username-translation
|
||
Username character translations before it's looked up from
|
||
databases. The value contains series of from -> to characters. For
|
||
example @samp{#@@/@@} means that @samp{#} and @samp{/} characters are
|
||
translated to @samp{@@}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-username-format
|
||
Username formatting before it's looked up from databases. You can
|
||
use the standard variables here, e.g. %Lu would lowercase the username,
|
||
%n would drop away the domain if it was given, or @samp{%n-AT-%d} would
|
||
change the @samp{@@} into @samp{-AT-}. This translation is done after
|
||
@samp{auth-username-translation} changes.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"%Lu"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-master-user-separator
|
||
If you want to allow master users to log in by specifying the master
|
||
username within the normal username string (i.e. not using SASL
|
||
mechanism's support for it), you can specify the separator character
|
||
here. The format is then <username><separator><master username>.
|
||
UW-IMAP uses @samp{*} as the separator, so that could be a good
|
||
choice.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-anonymous-username
|
||
Username to use for users logging in with ANONYMOUS SASL
|
||
mechanism.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"anonymous"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer auth-worker-max-count
|
||
Maximum number of dovecot-auth worker processes. They're used to
|
||
execute blocking passdb and userdb queries (e.g. MySQL and PAM).
|
||
They're automatically created and destroyed as needed.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{30}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-gssapi-hostname
|
||
Host name to use in GSSAPI principal names. The default is to use
|
||
the name returned by gethostname(). Use @samp{$ALL} (with quotes) to
|
||
allow all keytab entries.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-krb5-keytab
|
||
Kerberos keytab to use for the GSSAPI mechanism. Will use the
|
||
system default (usually /etc/krb5.keytab) if not specified. You may
|
||
need to change the auth service to run as root to be able to read this
|
||
file.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean auth-use-winbind?
|
||
Do NTLM and GSS-SPNEGO authentication using Samba's winbind daemon
|
||
and @samp{ntlm-auth} helper.
|
||
<doc/wiki/Authentication/Mechanisms/Winbind.txt>.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} file-name auth-winbind-helper-path
|
||
Path for Samba's @samp{ntlm-auth} helper binary.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"/usr/bin/ntlm_auth"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string auth-failure-delay
|
||
Time to delay before replying to failed authentications.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"2 secs"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean auth-ssl-require-client-cert?
|
||
Require a valid SSL client certificate or the authentication
|
||
fails.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean auth-ssl-username-from-cert?
|
||
Take the username from client's SSL certificate, using
|
||
@code{X509_NAME_get_text_by_NID()} which returns the subject's DN's
|
||
CommonName.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list auth-mechanisms
|
||
List of wanted authentication mechanisms. Supported mechanisms are:
|
||
@samp{plain}, @samp{login}, @samp{digest-md5}, @samp{cram-md5},
|
||
@samp{ntlm}, @samp{rpa}, @samp{apop}, @samp{anonymous}, @samp{gssapi},
|
||
@samp{otp}, @samp{skey}, and @samp{gss-spnego}. NOTE: See also
|
||
@samp{disable-plaintext-auth} setting.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list director-servers
|
||
List of IPs or hostnames to all director servers, including ourself.
|
||
Ports can be specified as ip:port. The default port is the same as what
|
||
director service's @samp{inet-listener} is using.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list director-mail-servers
|
||
List of IPs or hostnames to all backend mail servers. Ranges are
|
||
allowed too, like 10.0.0.10-10.0.0.30.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string director-user-expire
|
||
How long to redirect users to a specific server after it no longer
|
||
has any connections.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"15 min"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer director-doveadm-port
|
||
TCP/IP port that accepts doveadm connections (instead of director
|
||
connections) If you enable this, you'll also need to add
|
||
@samp{inet-listener} for the port.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{0}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string director-username-hash
|
||
How the username is translated before being hashed. Useful values
|
||
include %Ln if user can log in with or without @@domain, %Ld if mailboxes
|
||
are shared within domain.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"%Lu"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string log-path
|
||
Log file to use for error messages. @samp{syslog} logs to syslog,
|
||
@samp{/dev/stderr} logs to stderr.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"syslog"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string info-log-path
|
||
Log file to use for informational messages. Defaults to
|
||
@samp{log-path}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string debug-log-path
|
||
Log file to use for debug messages. Defaults to
|
||
@samp{info-log-path}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string syslog-facility
|
||
Syslog facility to use if you're logging to syslog. Usually if you
|
||
don't want to use @samp{mail}, you'll use local0..local7. Also other
|
||
standard facilities are supported.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"mail"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean auth-verbose?
|
||
Log unsuccessful authentication attempts and the reasons why they
|
||
failed.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean auth-verbose-passwords?
|
||
In case of password mismatches, log the attempted password. Valid
|
||
values are no, plain and sha1. sha1 can be useful for detecting brute
|
||
force password attempts vs. user simply trying the same password over
|
||
and over again. You can also truncate the value to n chars by appending
|
||
":n" (e.g. sha1:6).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean auth-debug?
|
||
Even more verbose logging for debugging purposes. Shows for example
|
||
SQL queries.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean auth-debug-passwords?
|
||
In case of password mismatches, log the passwords and used scheme so
|
||
the problem can be debugged. Enabling this also enables
|
||
@samp{auth-debug}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean mail-debug?
|
||
Enable mail process debugging. This can help you figure out why
|
||
Dovecot isn't finding your mails.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean verbose-ssl?
|
||
Show protocol level SSL errors.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string log-timestamp
|
||
Prefix for each line written to log file. % codes are in
|
||
strftime(3) format.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"\"%b %d %H:%M:%S \""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list login-log-format-elements
|
||
List of elements we want to log. The elements which have a
|
||
non-empty variable value are joined together to form a comma-separated
|
||
string.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string login-log-format
|
||
Login log format. %s contains @samp{login-log-format-elements}
|
||
string, %$ contains the data we want to log.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"%$: %s"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-log-prefix
|
||
Log prefix for mail processes. See doc/wiki/Variables.txt for list
|
||
of possible variables you can use.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"\"%s(%u): \""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string deliver-log-format
|
||
Format to use for logging mail deliveries. You can use variables:
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item %$
|
||
Delivery status message (e.g. @samp{saved to INBOX})
|
||
@item %m
|
||
Message-ID
|
||
@item %s
|
||
Subject
|
||
@item %f
|
||
From address
|
||
@item %p
|
||
Physical size
|
||
@item %w
|
||
Virtual size.
|
||
@end table
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"msgid=%m: %$"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-location
|
||
Location for users' mailboxes. The default is empty, which means
|
||
that Dovecot tries to find the mailboxes automatically. This won't work
|
||
if the user doesn't yet have any mail, so you should explicitly tell
|
||
Dovecot the full location.
|
||
|
||
If you're using mbox, giving a path to the INBOX
|
||
file (e.g. /var/mail/%u) isn't enough. You'll also need to tell Dovecot
|
||
where the other mailboxes are kept. This is called the "root mail
|
||
directory", and it must be the first path given in the
|
||
@samp{mail-location} setting.
|
||
|
||
There are a few special variables you can use, eg.:
|
||
|
||
@table @samp
|
||
@item %u
|
||
username
|
||
@item %n
|
||
user part in user@@domain, same as %u if there's no domain
|
||
@item %d
|
||
domain part in user@@domain, empty if there's no domain
|
||
@item %h
|
||
home director
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
See doc/wiki/Variables.txt for full list. Some examples:
|
||
@table @samp
|
||
@item maildir:~/Maildir
|
||
@item mbox:~/mail:INBOX=/var/mail/%u
|
||
@item mbox:/var/mail/%d/%1n/%n:INDEX=/var/indexes/%d/%1n/%
|
||
@end table
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-uid
|
||
System user and group used to access mails. If you use multiple,
|
||
userdb can override these by returning uid or gid fields. You can use
|
||
either numbers or names. <doc/wiki/UserIds.txt>.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-gid
|
||
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-privileged-group
|
||
Group to enable temporarily for privileged operations. Currently
|
||
this is used only with INBOX when either its initial creation or
|
||
dotlocking fails. Typically this is set to "mail" to give access to
|
||
/var/mail.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-access-groups
|
||
Grant access to these supplementary groups for mail processes.
|
||
Typically these are used to set up access to shared mailboxes. Note
|
||
that it may be dangerous to set these if users can create
|
||
symlinks (e.g. if "mail" group is set here, ln -s /var/mail ~/mail/var
|
||
could allow a user to delete others' mailboxes, or ln -s
|
||
/secret/shared/box ~/mail/mybox would allow reading it).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean mail-full-filesystem-access?
|
||
Allow full filesystem access to clients. There's no access checks
|
||
other than what the operating system does for the active UID/GID. It
|
||
works with both maildir and mboxes, allowing you to prefix mailboxes
|
||
names with e.g. /path/ or ~user/.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean mmap-disable?
|
||
Don't use mmap() at all. This is required if you store indexes to
|
||
shared filesystems (NFS or clustered filesystem).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean dotlock-use-excl?
|
||
Rely on @samp{O_EXCL} to work when creating dotlock files. NFS
|
||
supports @samp{O_EXCL} since version 3, so this should be safe to use
|
||
nowadays by default.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#t}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-fsync
|
||
When to use fsync() or fdatasync() calls:
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item optimized
|
||
Whenever necessary to avoid losing important data
|
||
@item always
|
||
Useful with e.g. NFS when write()s are delayed
|
||
@item never
|
||
Never use it (best performance, but crashes can lose data).
|
||
@end table
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"optimized"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean mail-nfs-storage?
|
||
Mail storage exists in NFS. Set this to yes to make Dovecot flush
|
||
NFS caches whenever needed. If you're using only a single mail server
|
||
this isn't needed.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean mail-nfs-index?
|
||
Mail index files also exist in NFS. Setting this to yes requires
|
||
@samp{mmap-disable? #t} and @samp{fsync-disable? #f}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string lock-method
|
||
Locking method for index files. Alternatives are fcntl, flock and
|
||
dotlock. Dotlocking uses some tricks which may create more disk I/O
|
||
than other locking methods. NFS users: flock doesn't work, remember to
|
||
change @samp{mmap-disable}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"fcntl"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} file-name mail-temp-dir
|
||
Directory in which LDA/LMTP temporarily stores incoming mails >128
|
||
kB.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"/tmp"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer first-valid-uid
|
||
Valid UID range for users. This is mostly to make sure that users can't
|
||
log in as daemons or other system users. Note that denying root logins is
|
||
hardcoded to dovecot binary and can't be done even if @samp{first-valid-uid}
|
||
is set to 0.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{500}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer last-valid-uid
|
||
|
||
Defaults to @samp{0}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer first-valid-gid
|
||
Valid GID range for users. Users having non-valid GID as primary group ID
|
||
aren't allowed to log in. If user belongs to supplementary groups with
|
||
non-valid GIDs, those groups are not set.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{1}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer last-valid-gid
|
||
|
||
Defaults to @samp{0}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer mail-max-keyword-length
|
||
Maximum allowed length for mail keyword name. It's only forced when
|
||
trying to create new keywords.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{50}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} colon-separated-file-name-list valid-chroot-dirs
|
||
List of directories under which chrooting is allowed for mail
|
||
processes (i.e. /var/mail will allow chrooting to /var/mail/foo/bar
|
||
too). This setting doesn't affect @samp{login-chroot}
|
||
@samp{mail-chroot} or auth chroot settings. If this setting is empty,
|
||
"/./" in home dirs are ignored. WARNING: Never add directories here
|
||
which local users can modify, that may lead to root exploit. Usually
|
||
this should be done only if you don't allow shell access for users.
|
||
<doc/wiki/Chrooting.txt>.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-chroot
|
||
Default chroot directory for mail processes. This can be overridden
|
||
for specific users in user database by giving /./ in user's home
|
||
directory (e.g. /home/./user chroots into /home). Note that usually
|
||
there is no real need to do chrooting, Dovecot doesn't allow users to
|
||
access files outside their mail directory anyway. If your home
|
||
directories are prefixed with the chroot directory, append "/." to
|
||
@samp{mail-chroot}. <doc/wiki/Chrooting.txt>.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} file-name auth-socket-path
|
||
UNIX socket path to master authentication server to find users.
|
||
This is used by imap (for shared users) and lda.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"/var/run/dovecot/auth-userdb"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} file-name mail-plugin-dir
|
||
Directory where to look up mail plugins.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"/usr/lib/dovecot"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list mail-plugins
|
||
List of plugins to load for all services. Plugins specific to IMAP,
|
||
LDA, etc. are added to this list in their own .conf files.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer mail-cache-min-mail-count
|
||
The minimum number of mails in a mailbox before updates are done to
|
||
cache file. This allows optimizing Dovecot's behavior to do less disk
|
||
writes at the cost of more disk reads.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{0}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mailbox-idle-check-interval
|
||
When IDLE command is running, mailbox is checked once in a while to
|
||
see if there are any new mails or other changes. This setting defines
|
||
the minimum time to wait between those checks. Dovecot can also use
|
||
dnotify, inotify and kqueue to find out immediately when changes
|
||
occur.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"30 secs"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean mail-save-crlf?
|
||
Save mails with CR+LF instead of plain LF. This makes sending those
|
||
mails take less CPU, especially with sendfile() syscall with Linux and
|
||
FreeBSD. But it also creates a bit more disk I/O which may just make it
|
||
slower. Also note that if other software reads the mboxes/maildirs,
|
||
they may handle the extra CRs wrong and cause problems.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean maildir-stat-dirs?
|
||
By default LIST command returns all entries in maildir beginning
|
||
with a dot. Enabling this option makes Dovecot return only entries
|
||
which are directories. This is done by stat()ing each entry, so it
|
||
causes more disk I/O.
|
||
(For systems setting struct @samp{dirent->d_type} this check is free
|
||
and it's done always regardless of this setting).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean maildir-copy-with-hardlinks?
|
||
When copying a message, do it with hard links whenever possible.
|
||
This makes the performance much better, and it's unlikely to have any
|
||
side effects.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#t}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean maildir-very-dirty-syncs?
|
||
Assume Dovecot is the only MUA accessing Maildir: Scan cur/
|
||
directory only when its mtime changes unexpectedly or when we can't find
|
||
the mail otherwise.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list mbox-read-locks
|
||
Which locking methods to use for locking mbox. There are four
|
||
available:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item dotlock
|
||
Create <mailbox>.lock file. This is the oldest and most NFS-safe
|
||
solution. If you want to use /var/mail/ like directory, the users will
|
||
need write access to that directory.
|
||
@item dotlock-try
|
||
Same as dotlock, but if it fails because of permissions or because there
|
||
isn't enough disk space, just skip it.
|
||
@item fcntl
|
||
Use this if possible. Works with NFS too if lockd is used.
|
||
@item flock
|
||
May not exist in all systems. Doesn't work with NFS.
|
||
@item lockf
|
||
May not exist in all systems. Doesn't work with NFS.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
You can use multiple locking methods; if you do the order they're declared
|
||
in is important to avoid deadlocks if other MTAs/MUAs are using multiple
|
||
locking methods as well. Some operating systems don't allow using some of
|
||
them simultaneously.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list mbox-write-locks
|
||
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mbox-lock-timeout
|
||
Maximum time to wait for lock (all of them) before aborting.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"5 mins"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mbox-dotlock-change-timeout
|
||
If dotlock exists but the mailbox isn't modified in any way,
|
||
override the lock file after this much time.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"2 mins"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean mbox-dirty-syncs?
|
||
When mbox changes unexpectedly we have to fully read it to find out
|
||
what changed. If the mbox is large this can take a long time. Since
|
||
the change is usually just a newly appended mail, it'd be faster to
|
||
simply read the new mails. If this setting is enabled, Dovecot does
|
||
this but still safely fallbacks to re-reading the whole mbox file
|
||
whenever something in mbox isn't how it's expected to be. The only real
|
||
downside to this setting is that if some other MUA changes message
|
||
flags, Dovecot doesn't notice it immediately. Note that a full sync is
|
||
done with SELECT, EXAMINE, EXPUNGE and CHECK commands.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#t}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean mbox-very-dirty-syncs?
|
||
Like @samp{mbox-dirty-syncs}, but don't do full syncs even with SELECT,
|
||
EXAMINE, EXPUNGE or CHECK commands. If this is set,
|
||
@samp{mbox-dirty-syncs} is ignored.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean mbox-lazy-writes?
|
||
Delay writing mbox headers until doing a full write sync (EXPUNGE
|
||
and CHECK commands and when closing the mailbox). This is especially
|
||
useful for POP3 where clients often delete all mails. The downside is
|
||
that our changes aren't immediately visible to other MUAs.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#t}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer mbox-min-index-size
|
||
If mbox size is smaller than this (e.g. 100k), don't write index
|
||
files. If an index file already exists it's still read, just not
|
||
updated.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{0}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer mdbox-rotate-size
|
||
Maximum dbox file size until it's rotated.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{2000000}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mdbox-rotate-interval
|
||
Maximum dbox file age until it's rotated. Typically in days. Day
|
||
begins from midnight, so 1d = today, 2d = yesterday, etc. 0 = check
|
||
disabled.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"1d"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean mdbox-preallocate-space?
|
||
When creating new mdbox files, immediately preallocate their size to
|
||
@samp{mdbox-rotate-size}. This setting currently works only in Linux
|
||
with some filesystems (ext4, xfs).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-attachment-dir
|
||
sdbox and mdbox support saving mail attachments to external files,
|
||
which also allows single instance storage for them. Other backends
|
||
don't support this for now.
|
||
|
||
WARNING: This feature hasn't been tested much yet. Use at your own risk.
|
||
|
||
Directory root where to store mail attachments. Disabled, if empty.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer mail-attachment-min-size
|
||
Attachments smaller than this aren't saved externally. It's also
|
||
possible to write a plugin to disable saving specific attachments
|
||
externally.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{128000}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-attachment-fs
|
||
Filesystem backend to use for saving attachments:
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item posix
|
||
No SiS done by Dovecot (but this might help FS's own deduplication)
|
||
@item sis posix
|
||
SiS with immediate byte-by-byte comparison during saving
|
||
@item sis-queue posix
|
||
SiS with delayed comparison and deduplication.
|
||
@end table
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"sis posix"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string mail-attachment-hash
|
||
Hash format to use in attachment filenames. You can add any text and
|
||
variables: @code{%@{md4@}}, @code{%@{md5@}}, @code{%@{sha1@}},
|
||
@code{%@{sha256@}}, @code{%@{sha512@}}, @code{%@{size@}}. Variables can be
|
||
truncated, e.g. @code{%@{sha256:80@}} returns only first 80 bits.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"%@{sha1@}"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer default-process-limit
|
||
|
||
Defaults to @samp{100}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer default-client-limit
|
||
|
||
Defaults to @samp{1000}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer default-vsz-limit
|
||
Default VSZ (virtual memory size) limit for service processes.
|
||
This is mainly intended to catch and kill processes that leak memory
|
||
before they eat up everything.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{256000000}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string default-login-user
|
||
Login user is internally used by login processes. This is the most
|
||
untrusted user in Dovecot system. It shouldn't have access to anything
|
||
at all.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"dovenull"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string default-internal-user
|
||
Internal user is used by unprivileged processes. It should be
|
||
separate from login user, so that login processes can't disturb other
|
||
processes.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"dovecot"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string ssl?
|
||
SSL/TLS support: yes, no, required. <doc/wiki/SSL.txt>.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"required"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string ssl-cert
|
||
PEM encoded X.509 SSL/TLS certificate (public key).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"</etc/dovecot/default.pem"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string ssl-key
|
||
PEM encoded SSL/TLS private key. The key is opened before
|
||
dropping root privileges, so keep the key file unreadable by anyone but
|
||
root.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"</etc/dovecot/private/default.pem"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string ssl-key-password
|
||
If key file is password protected, give the password here.
|
||
Alternatively give it when starting dovecot with -p parameter. Since
|
||
this file is often world-readable, you may want to place this setting
|
||
instead to a different.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string ssl-ca
|
||
PEM encoded trusted certificate authority. Set this only if you
|
||
intend to use @samp{ssl-verify-client-cert? #t}. The file should
|
||
contain the CA certificate(s) followed by the matching
|
||
CRL(s). (e.g. @samp{ssl-ca </etc/ssl/certs/ca.pem}).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean ssl-require-crl?
|
||
Require that CRL check succeeds for client certificates.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#t}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean ssl-verify-client-cert?
|
||
Request client to send a certificate. If you also want to require
|
||
it, set @samp{auth-ssl-require-client-cert? #t} in auth section.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string ssl-cert-username-field
|
||
Which field from certificate to use for username. commonName and
|
||
x500UniqueIdentifier are the usual choices. You'll also need to set
|
||
@samp{auth-ssl-username-from-cert? #t}.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"commonName"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} hours ssl-parameters-regenerate
|
||
How often to regenerate the SSL parameters file. Generation is
|
||
quite CPU intensive operation. The value is in hours, 0 disables
|
||
regeneration entirely.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{168}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string ssl-protocols
|
||
SSL protocols to use.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"!SSLv2"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string ssl-cipher-list
|
||
SSL ciphers to use.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"ALL:!LOW:!SSLv2:!EXP:!aNULL"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string ssl-crypto-device
|
||
SSL crypto device to use, for valid values run "openssl engine".
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string postmaster-address
|
||
Address to use when sending rejection mails.
|
||
Default is postmaster@@<your domain>. %d expands to recipient domain.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string hostname
|
||
Hostname to use in various parts of sent mails (e.g. in Message-Id)
|
||
and in LMTP replies. Default is the system's real hostname@@domain.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean quota-full-tempfail?
|
||
If user is over quota, return with temporary failure instead of
|
||
bouncing the mail.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} file-name sendmail-path
|
||
Binary to use for sending mails.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"/usr/sbin/sendmail"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string submission-host
|
||
If non-empty, send mails via this SMTP host[:port] instead of
|
||
sendmail.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string rejection-subject
|
||
Subject: header to use for rejection mails. You can use the same
|
||
variables as for @samp{rejection-reason} below.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"Rejected: %s"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string rejection-reason
|
||
Human readable error message for rejection mails. You can use
|
||
variables:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item %n
|
||
CRLF
|
||
@item %r
|
||
reason
|
||
@item %s
|
||
original subject
|
||
@item %t
|
||
recipient
|
||
@end table
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"Your message to <%t> was automatically rejected:%n%r"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string recipient-delimiter
|
||
Delimiter character between local-part and detail in email
|
||
address.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"+"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string lda-original-recipient-header
|
||
Header where the original recipient address (SMTP's RCPT TO:
|
||
address) is taken from if not available elsewhere. With dovecot-lda -a
|
||
parameter overrides this. A commonly used header for this is
|
||
X-Original-To.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean lda-mailbox-autocreate?
|
||
Should saving a mail to a nonexistent mailbox automatically create
|
||
it?.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} boolean lda-mailbox-autosubscribe?
|
||
Should automatically created mailboxes be also automatically
|
||
subscribed?.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{#f}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} non-negative-integer imap-max-line-length
|
||
Maximum IMAP command line length. Some clients generate very long
|
||
command lines with huge mailboxes, so you may need to raise this if you
|
||
get "Too long argument" or "IMAP command line too large" errors
|
||
often.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{64000}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string imap-logout-format
|
||
IMAP logout format string:
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item %i
|
||
total number of bytes read from client
|
||
@item %o
|
||
total number of bytes sent to client.
|
||
@end table
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"in=%i out=%o"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string imap-capability
|
||
Override the IMAP CAPABILITY response. If the value begins with '+',
|
||
add the given capabilities on top of the defaults (e.g. +XFOO XBAR).
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string imap-idle-notify-interval
|
||
How long to wait between "OK Still here" notifications when client
|
||
is IDLEing.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{"2 mins"}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string imap-id-send
|
||
ID field names and values to send to clients. Using * as the value
|
||
makes Dovecot use the default value. The following fields have default
|
||
values currently: name, version, os, os-version, support-url,
|
||
support-email.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string imap-id-log
|
||
ID fields sent by client to log. * means everything.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} space-separated-string-list imap-client-workarounds
|
||
Workarounds for various client bugs:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item delay-newmail
|
||
Send EXISTS/RECENT new mail notifications only when replying to NOOP and
|
||
CHECK commands. Some clients ignore them otherwise, for example OSX
|
||
Mail (<v2.1). Outlook Express breaks more badly though, without this it
|
||
may show user "Message no longer in server" errors. Note that OE6
|
||
still breaks even with this workaround if synchronization is set to
|
||
"Headers Only".
|
||
|
||
@item tb-extra-mailbox-sep
|
||
Thunderbird gets somehow confused with LAYOUT=fs (mbox and dbox) and
|
||
adds extra @samp{/} suffixes to mailbox names. This option causes Dovecot to
|
||
ignore the extra @samp{/} instead of treating it as invalid mailbox name.
|
||
|
||
@item tb-lsub-flags
|
||
Show \Noselect flags for LSUB replies with LAYOUT=fs (e.g. mbox).
|
||
This makes Thunderbird realize they aren't selectable and show them
|
||
greyed out, instead of only later giving "not selectable" popup error.
|
||
@end table
|
||
Defaults to @samp{()}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{dovecot-configuration} parameter} string imap-urlauth-host
|
||
Host allowed in URLAUTH URLs sent by client. "*" allows all.
|
||
Defaults to @samp{""}.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
|
||
Whew! Lots of configuration options. The nice thing about it though is
|
||
that GuixSD has a complete interface to Dovecot's configuration
|
||
language. This allows not only a nice way to declare configurations,
|
||
but also offers reflective capabilities as well: users can write code to
|
||
inspect and transform configurations from within Scheme.
|
||
|
||
However, it could be that you just want to get a @code{dovecot.conf} up
|
||
and running. In that case, you can pass an
|
||
@code{opaque-dovecot-configuration} as the @code{#:config} paramter to
|
||
@code{dovecot-service}. As its name indicates, an opaque configuration
|
||
does not have easy reflective capabilities.
|
||
|
||
Available @code{opaque-dovecot-configuration} fields are:
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{opaque-dovecot-configuration} parameter} package dovecot
|
||
The dovecot package.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
@deftypevr {@code{opaque-dovecot-configuration} parameter} string string
|
||
The contents of the @code{dovecot.conf}, as a string.
|
||
@end deftypevr
|
||
|
||
For example, if your @code{dovecot.conf} is just the empty string, you
|
||
could instantiate a dovecot service like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(dovecot-service #:config
|
||
(opaque-dovecot-configuration
|
||
(string "")))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@node Web Services
|
||
@subsubsection Web Services
|
||
|
||
The @code{(gnu services web)} module provides the following service:
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} nginx-service [#:nginx nginx] @
|
||
[#:log-directory ``/var/log/nginx''] @
|
||
[#:run-directory ``/var/run/nginx''] @
|
||
[#:config-file]
|
||
|
||
Return a service that runs @var{nginx}, the nginx web server.
|
||
|
||
The nginx daemon loads its runtime configuration from @var{config-file}.
|
||
Log files are written to @var{log-directory} and temporary runtime data
|
||
files are written to @var{run-directory}. For proper operation, these
|
||
arguments should match what is in @var{config-file} to ensure that the
|
||
directories are created when the service is activated.
|
||
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@node Various Services
|
||
@subsubsection Various Services
|
||
|
||
The @code{(gnu services lirc)} module provides the following service.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} lirc-service [#:lirc lirc] @
|
||
[#:device #f] [#:driver #f] [#:config-file #f] @
|
||
[#:extra-options '()]
|
||
Return a service that runs @url{http://www.lirc.org,LIRC}, a daemon that
|
||
decodes infrared signals from remote controls.
|
||
|
||
Optionally, @var{device}, @var{driver} and @var{config-file}
|
||
(configuration file name) may be specified. See @command{lircd} manual
|
||
for details.
|
||
|
||
Finally, @var{extra-options} is a list of additional command-line options
|
||
passed to @command{lircd}.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@subsubsection Dictionary Services
|
||
The @code{(gnu services dict)} module provides the following service:
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dicod-service [#:config (dicod-configuration)]
|
||
Return a service that runs the @command{dicod} daemon, an implementation
|
||
of DICT server (@pxref{Dicod,,, dico, GNU Dico Manual}).
|
||
|
||
The optional @var{config} argument specifies the configuration for
|
||
@command{dicod}, which should be a @code{<dicod-configuration>} object, by
|
||
default it serves the GNU Collaborative International Dictonary of English.
|
||
|
||
You can add @command{open localhost} to your @file{~/.dico} file to make
|
||
@code{localhost} the default server for @command{dico} client
|
||
(@pxref{Initialization File,,, dico, GNU Dico Manual}).
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} dicod-configuration
|
||
Data type representing the configuration of dicod.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{dico} (default: @var{dico})
|
||
Package object of the GNU Dico dictionary server.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{interfaces} (default: @var{'("localhost")})
|
||
This is the list of IP addresses and ports and possibly socket file
|
||
names to listen to (@pxref{Server Settings, @code{listen} directive,,
|
||
dico, GNU Dico Manual}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{databases} (default: @var{(list %dicod-database:gcide)})
|
||
List of @code{<dicod-database>} objects denoting dictionaries to be served.
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} dicod-database
|
||
Data type representing a dictionary database.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{name}
|
||
Name of the database, will be used in DICT commands.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{module}
|
||
Name of the dicod module used by this database
|
||
(@pxref{Modules,,, dico, GNU Dico Manual}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{options}
|
||
List of strings or gexps representing the arguments for the module handler
|
||
(@pxref{Handlers,,, dico, GNU Dico Manual}).
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %dicod-database:gcide
|
||
A @code{<dicod-database>} object serving the GNU Collaborative International
|
||
Dictonary of English using the @code{gcide} package.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@node Setuid Programs
|
||
@subsection Setuid Programs
|
||
|
||
@cindex setuid programs
|
||
Some programs need to run with ``root'' privileges, even when they are
|
||
launched by unprivileged users. A notorious example is the
|
||
@command{passwd} program, which users can run to change their
|
||
password, and which needs to access the @file{/etc/passwd} and
|
||
@file{/etc/shadow} files---something normally restricted to root, for
|
||
obvious security reasons. To address that, these executables are
|
||
@dfn{setuid-root}, meaning that they always run with root privileges
|
||
(@pxref{How Change Persona,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual},
|
||
for more info about the setuid mechanism.)
|
||
|
||
The store itself @emph{cannot} contain setuid programs: that would be a
|
||
security issue since any user on the system can write derivations that
|
||
populate the store (@pxref{The Store}). Thus, a different mechanism is
|
||
used: instead of changing the setuid bit directly on files that are in
|
||
the store, we let the system administrator @emph{declare} which programs
|
||
should be setuid root.
|
||
|
||
The @code{setuid-programs} field of an @code{operating-system}
|
||
declaration contains a list of G-expressions denoting the names of
|
||
programs to be setuid-root (@pxref{Using the Configuration System}).
|
||
For instance, the @command{passwd} program, which is part of the Shadow
|
||
package, can be designated by this G-expression (@pxref{G-Expressions}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
#~(string-append #$shadow "/bin/passwd")
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
A default set of setuid programs is defined by the
|
||
@code{%setuid-programs} variable of the @code{(gnu system)} module.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %setuid-programs
|
||
A list of G-expressions denoting common programs that are setuid-root.
|
||
|
||
The list includes commands such as @command{passwd}, @command{ping},
|
||
@command{su}, and @command{sudo}.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
Under the hood, the actual setuid programs are created in the
|
||
@file{/run/setuid-programs} directory at system activation time. The
|
||
files in this directory refer to the ``real'' binaries, which are in the
|
||
store.
|
||
|
||
@node X.509 Certificates
|
||
@subsection X.509 Certificates
|
||
|
||
@cindex HTTPS, certificates
|
||
@cindex X.509 certificates
|
||
@cindex TLS
|
||
Web servers available over HTTPS (that is, HTTP over the transport-layer
|
||
security mechanism, TLS) send client programs an @dfn{X.509 certificate}
|
||
that the client can then use to @emph{authenticate} the server. To do
|
||
that, clients verify that the server's certificate is signed by a
|
||
so-called @dfn{certificate authority} (CA). But to verify the CA's
|
||
signature, clients must have first acquired the CA's certificate.
|
||
|
||
Web browsers such as GNU@tie{}IceCat include their own set of CA
|
||
certificates, such that they are able to verify CA signatures
|
||
out-of-the-box.
|
||
|
||
However, most other programs that can talk HTTPS---@command{wget},
|
||
@command{git}, @command{w3m}, etc.---need to be told where CA
|
||
certificates can be found.
|
||
|
||
@cindex @code{nss-certs}
|
||
In GuixSD, this is done by adding a package that provides certificates
|
||
to the @code{packages} field of the @code{operating-system} declaration
|
||
(@pxref{operating-system Reference}). GuixSD includes one such package,
|
||
@code{nss-certs}, which is a set of CA certificates provided as part of
|
||
Mozilla's Network Security Services.
|
||
|
||
Note that it is @emph{not} part of @var{%base-packages}, so you need to
|
||
explicitly add it. The @file{/etc/ssl/certs} directory, which is where
|
||
most applications and libraries look for certificates by default, points
|
||
to the certificates installed globally.
|
||
|
||
Unprivileged users, including users of Guix on a foreign distro,
|
||
can also install their own certificate package in
|
||
their profile. A number of environment variables need to be defined so
|
||
that applications and libraries know where to find them. Namely, the
|
||
OpenSSL library honors the @code{SSL_CERT_DIR} and @code{SSL_CERT_FILE}
|
||
variables. Some applications add their own environment variables; for
|
||
instance, the Git version control system honors the certificate bundle
|
||
pointed to by the @code{GIT_SSL_CAINFO} environment variable. Thus, you
|
||
would typically run something like:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix package -i nss-certs
|
||
$ export SSL_CERT_DIR="$HOME/.guix-profile/etc/ssl/certs"
|
||
$ export SSL_CERT_FILE="$HOME/.guix-profile/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
|
||
$ export GIT_SSL_CAINFO="$SSL_CERT_FILE"
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@node Name Service Switch
|
||
@subsection Name Service Switch
|
||
|
||
@cindex name service switch
|
||
@cindex NSS
|
||
The @code{(gnu system nss)} module provides bindings to the
|
||
configuration file of the libc @dfn{name service switch} or @dfn{NSS}
|
||
(@pxref{NSS Configuration File,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference
|
||
Manual}). In a nutshell, the NSS is a mechanism that allows libc to be
|
||
extended with new ``name'' lookup methods for system databases, which
|
||
includes host names, service names, user accounts, and more (@pxref{Name
|
||
Service Switch, System Databases and Name Service Switch,, libc, The GNU
|
||
C Library Reference Manual}).
|
||
|
||
The NSS configuration specifies, for each system database, which lookup
|
||
method is to be used, and how the various methods are chained
|
||
together---for instance, under which circumstances NSS should try the
|
||
next method in the list. The NSS configuration is given in the
|
||
@code{name-service-switch} field of @code{operating-system} declarations
|
||
(@pxref{operating-system Reference, @code{name-service-switch}}).
|
||
|
||
@cindex nss-mdns
|
||
@cindex .local, host name lookup
|
||
As an example, the declaration below configures the NSS to use the
|
||
@uref{http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/nss-mdns/, @code{nss-mdns}
|
||
back-end}, which supports host name lookups over multicast DNS (mDNS)
|
||
for host names ending in @code{.local}:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(name-service-switch
|
||
(hosts (list %files ;first, check /etc/hosts
|
||
|
||
;; If the above did not succeed, try
|
||
;; with 'mdns_minimal'.
|
||
(name-service
|
||
(name "mdns_minimal")
|
||
|
||
;; 'mdns_minimal' is authoritative for
|
||
;; '.local'. When it returns "not found",
|
||
;; no need to try the next methods.
|
||
(reaction (lookup-specification
|
||
(not-found => return))))
|
||
|
||
;; Then fall back to DNS.
|
||
(name-service
|
||
(name "dns"))
|
||
|
||
;; Finally, try with the "full" 'mdns'.
|
||
(name-service
|
||
(name "mdns")))))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Do not worry: the @code{%mdns-host-lookup-nss} variable (see below)
|
||
contains this configuration, so you will not have to type it if all you
|
||
want is to have @code{.local} host lookup working.
|
||
|
||
Note that, in this case, in addition to setting the
|
||
@code{name-service-switch} of the @code{operating-system} declaration,
|
||
you also need to use @code{avahi-service} (@pxref{Networking Services,
|
||
@code{avahi-service}}), or @var{%desktop-services}, which includes it
|
||
(@pxref{Desktop Services}). Doing this makes @code{nss-mdns} accessible
|
||
to the name service cache daemon (@pxref{Base Services,
|
||
@code{nscd-service}}).
|
||
|
||
For convenience, the following variables provide typical NSS
|
||
configurations.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %default-nss
|
||
This is the default name service switch configuration, a
|
||
@code{name-service-switch} object.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %mdns-host-lookup-nss
|
||
This is the name service switch configuration with support for host name
|
||
lookup over multicast DNS (mDNS) for host names ending in @code{.local}.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
The reference for name service switch configuration is given below. It
|
||
is a direct mapping of the configuration file format of the C library , so
|
||
please refer to the C library manual for more information (@pxref{NSS
|
||
Configuration File,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}).
|
||
Compared to the configuration file format of libc NSS, it has the advantage
|
||
not only of adding this warm parenthetic feel that we like, but also
|
||
static checks: you will know about syntax errors and typos as soon as you
|
||
run @command{guix system}.
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} name-service-switch
|
||
|
||
This is the data type representation the configuration of libc's name
|
||
service switch (NSS). Each field below represents one of the supported
|
||
system databases.
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item aliases
|
||
@itemx ethers
|
||
@itemx group
|
||
@itemx gshadow
|
||
@itemx hosts
|
||
@itemx initgroups
|
||
@itemx netgroup
|
||
@itemx networks
|
||
@itemx password
|
||
@itemx public-key
|
||
@itemx rpc
|
||
@itemx services
|
||
@itemx shadow
|
||
The system databases handled by the NSS. Each of these fields must be a
|
||
list of @code{<name-service>} objects (see below).
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} name-service
|
||
|
||
This is the data type representing an actual name service and the
|
||
associated lookup action.
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item name
|
||
A string denoting the name service (@pxref{Services in the NSS
|
||
configuration,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}).
|
||
|
||
Note that name services listed here must be visible to nscd. This is
|
||
achieved by passing the @code{#:name-services} argument to
|
||
@code{nscd-service} the list of packages providing the needed name
|
||
services (@pxref{Base Services, @code{nscd-service}}).
|
||
|
||
@item reaction
|
||
An action specified using the @code{lookup-specification} macro
|
||
(@pxref{Actions in the NSS configuration,,, libc, The GNU C Library
|
||
Reference Manual}). For example:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(lookup-specification (unavailable => continue)
|
||
(success => return))
|
||
@end example
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@node Initial RAM Disk
|
||
@subsection Initial RAM Disk
|
||
|
||
@cindex initial RAM disk (initrd)
|
||
@cindex initrd (initial RAM disk)
|
||
For bootstrapping purposes, the Linux-Libre kernel is passed an
|
||
@dfn{initial RAM disk}, or @dfn{initrd}. An initrd contains a temporary
|
||
root file system as well as an initialization script. The latter is
|
||
responsible for mounting the real root file system, and for loading any
|
||
kernel modules that may be needed to achieve that.
|
||
|
||
The @code{initrd} field of an @code{operating-system} declaration allows
|
||
you to specify which initrd you would like to use. The @code{(gnu
|
||
system linux-initrd)} module provides two ways to build an initrd: the
|
||
high-level @code{base-initrd} procedure, and the low-level
|
||
@code{expression->initrd} procedure.
|
||
|
||
The @code{base-initrd} procedure is intended to cover most common uses.
|
||
For example, if you want to add a bunch of kernel modules to be loaded
|
||
at boot time, you can define the @code{initrd} field of the operating
|
||
system declaration like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(initrd (lambda (file-systems . rest)
|
||
;; Create a standard initrd that has modules "foo.ko"
|
||
;; and "bar.ko", as well as their dependencies, in
|
||
;; addition to the modules available by default.
|
||
(apply base-initrd file-systems
|
||
#:extra-modules '("foo" "bar")
|
||
rest)))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The @code{base-initrd} procedure also handles common use cases that
|
||
involves using the system as a QEMU guest, or as a ``live'' system with
|
||
volatile root file system.
|
||
|
||
The initial RAM disk produced by @code{base-initrd} honors several
|
||
options passed on the Linux kernel command line (that is, arguments
|
||
passed @i{via} the @code{linux} command of GRUB, or the
|
||
@code{-append} option) of QEMU, notably:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item --load=@var{boot}
|
||
Tell the initial RAM disk to load @var{boot}, a file containing a Scheme
|
||
program, once it has mounted the root file system.
|
||
|
||
GuixSD uses this option to yield control to a boot program that runs the
|
||
service activation programs and then spawns the GNU@tie{}Shepherd, the
|
||
initialization system.
|
||
|
||
@item --root=@var{root}
|
||
Mount @var{root} as the root file system. @var{root} can be a
|
||
device name like @code{/dev/sda1}, a partition label, or a partition
|
||
UUID.
|
||
|
||
@item --system=@var{system}
|
||
Have @file{/run/booted-system} and @file{/run/current-system} point to
|
||
@var{system}.
|
||
|
||
@item modprobe.blacklist=@var{modules}@dots{}
|
||
@cindex module, black-listing
|
||
@cindex black list, of kernel modules
|
||
Instruct the initial RAM disk as well as the @command{modprobe} command
|
||
(from the kmod package) to refuse to load @var{modules}. @var{modules}
|
||
must be a comma-separated list of module names---e.g.,
|
||
@code{usbkbd,9pnet}.
|
||
|
||
@item --repl
|
||
Start a read-eval-print loop (REPL) from the initial RAM disk before it
|
||
tries to load kernel modules and to mount the root file system. Our
|
||
marketing team calls it @dfn{boot-to-Guile}. The Schemer in you will
|
||
love it. @xref{Using Guile Interactively,,, guile, GNU Guile Reference
|
||
Manual}, for more information on Guile's REPL.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
Now that you know all the features that initial RAM disks produced by
|
||
@code{base-initrd} provide, here is how to use it and customize it
|
||
further.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} base-initrd @var{file-systems} @
|
||
[#:qemu-networking? #f] [#:virtio? #t] [#:volatile-root? #f] @
|
||
[#:extra-modules '()] [#:mapped-devices '()]
|
||
Return a monadic derivation that builds a generic initrd. @var{file-systems} is
|
||
a list of file systems to be mounted by the initrd, possibly in addition to
|
||
the root file system specified on the kernel command line via @code{--root}.
|
||
@var{mapped-devices} is a list of device mappings to realize before
|
||
@var{file-systems} are mounted (@pxref{Mapped Devices}).
|
||
|
||
When @var{qemu-networking?} is true, set up networking with the standard QEMU
|
||
parameters. When @var{virtio?} is true, load additional modules so that the
|
||
initrd can be used as a QEMU guest with para-virtualized I/O drivers.
|
||
|
||
When @var{volatile-root?} is true, the root file system is writable but any changes
|
||
to it are lost.
|
||
|
||
The initrd is automatically populated with all the kernel modules necessary
|
||
for @var{file-systems} and for the given options. However, additional kernel
|
||
modules can be listed in @var{extra-modules}. They will be added to the initrd, and
|
||
loaded at boot time in the order in which they appear.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
Needless to say, the initrds we produce and use embed a
|
||
statically-linked Guile, and the initialization program is a Guile
|
||
program. That gives a lot of flexibility. The
|
||
@code{expression->initrd} procedure builds such an initrd, given the
|
||
program to run in that initrd.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Monadic Procedure} expression->initrd @var{exp} @
|
||
[#:guile %guile-static-stripped] [#:name "guile-initrd"]
|
||
Return a derivation that builds a Linux initrd (a gzipped cpio archive)
|
||
containing @var{guile} and that evaluates @var{exp}, a G-expression,
|
||
upon booting. All the derivations referenced by @var{exp} are
|
||
automatically copied to the initrd.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@node GRUB Configuration
|
||
@subsection GRUB Configuration
|
||
|
||
@cindex GRUB
|
||
@cindex boot loader
|
||
|
||
The operating system uses GNU@tie{}GRUB as its boot loader
|
||
(@pxref{Overview, overview of GRUB,, grub, GNU GRUB Manual}). It is
|
||
configured using a @code{grub-configuration} declaration. This data type
|
||
is exported by the @code{(gnu system grub)} module and described below.
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} grub-configuration
|
||
The type of a GRUB configuration declaration.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
|
||
@item @code{device}
|
||
This is a string denoting the boot device. It must be a device name
|
||
understood by the @command{grub-install} command, such as
|
||
@code{/dev/sda} or @code{(hd0)} (@pxref{Invoking grub-install,,, grub,
|
||
GNU GRUB Manual}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{menu-entries} (default: @code{()})
|
||
A possibly empty list of @code{menu-entry} objects (see below), denoting
|
||
entries to appear in the GRUB boot menu, in addition to the current
|
||
system entry and the entry pointing to previous system generations.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{default-entry} (default: @code{0})
|
||
The index of the default boot menu entry. Index 0 is for the entry of the
|
||
current system.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{timeout} (default: @code{5})
|
||
The number of seconds to wait for keyboard input before booting. Set to
|
||
0 to boot immediately, and to -1 to wait indefinitely.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{theme} (default: @var{%default-theme})
|
||
The @code{grub-theme} object describing the theme to use.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
Should you want to list additional boot menu entries @i{via} the
|
||
@code{menu-entries} field above, you will need to create them with the
|
||
@code{menu-entry} form:
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} menu-entry
|
||
The type of an entry in the GRUB boot menu.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
|
||
@item @code{label}
|
||
The label to show in the menu---e.g., @code{"GNU"}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{linux}
|
||
The Linux kernel to boot.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{linux-arguments} (default: @code{()})
|
||
The list of extra Linux kernel command-line arguments---e.g.,
|
||
@code{("console=ttyS0")}.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{initrd}
|
||
A G-Expression or string denoting the file name of the initial RAM disk
|
||
to use (@pxref{G-Expressions}).
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@c FIXME: Write documentation once it's stable.
|
||
Themes are created using the @code{grub-theme} form, which is not
|
||
documented yet.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %default-theme
|
||
This is the default GRUB theme used by the operating system, with a
|
||
fancy background image displaying the GNU and Guix logos.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Invoking guix system
|
||
@subsection Invoking @code{guix system}
|
||
|
||
Once you have written an operating system declaration as seen in the
|
||
previous section, it can be @dfn{instantiated} using the @command{guix
|
||
system} command. The synopsis is:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix system @var{options}@dots{} @var{action} @var{file}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@var{file} must be the name of a file containing an
|
||
@code{operating-system} declaration. @var{action} specifies how the
|
||
operating system is instantiated. Currently the following values are
|
||
supported:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item reconfigure
|
||
Build the operating system described in @var{file}, activate it, and
|
||
switch to it@footnote{This action is usable only on systems already
|
||
running GuixSD.}.
|
||
|
||
This effects all the configuration specified in @var{file}: user
|
||
accounts, system services, global package list, setuid programs, etc.
|
||
The command starts system services specified in @var{file} that are not
|
||
currently running; if a service is currently running, it does not
|
||
attempt to upgrade it since this would not be possible without stopping it
|
||
first.
|
||
|
||
It also adds a GRUB menu entry for the new OS configuration, and moves
|
||
entries for older configurations to a submenu---unless
|
||
@option{--no-grub} is passed.
|
||
|
||
@quotation Note
|
||
@c The paragraph below refers to the problem discussed at
|
||
@c <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/guix-devel/2014-08/msg00057.html>.
|
||
It is highly recommended to run @command{guix pull} once before you run
|
||
@command{guix system reconfigure} for the first time (@pxref{Invoking
|
||
guix pull}). Failing to do that you would see an older version of Guix
|
||
once @command{reconfigure} has completed.
|
||
@end quotation
|
||
|
||
@item build
|
||
Build the derivation of the operating system, which includes all the
|
||
configuration files and programs needed to boot and run the system.
|
||
This action does not actually install anything.
|
||
|
||
@item init
|
||
Populate the given directory with all the files necessary to run the
|
||
operating system specified in @var{file}. This is useful for first-time
|
||
installations of GuixSD. For instance:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix system init my-os-config.scm /mnt
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
copies to @file{/mnt} all the store items required by the configuration
|
||
specified in @file{my-os-config.scm}. This includes configuration
|
||
files, packages, and so on. It also creates other essential files
|
||
needed for the system to operate correctly---e.g., the @file{/etc},
|
||
@file{/var}, and @file{/run} directories, and the @file{/bin/sh} file.
|
||
|
||
This command also installs GRUB on the device specified in
|
||
@file{my-os-config}, unless the @option{--no-grub} option was passed.
|
||
|
||
@item vm
|
||
@cindex virtual machine
|
||
@cindex VM
|
||
@anchor{guix system vm}
|
||
Build a virtual machine that contains the operating system declared in
|
||
@var{file}, and return a script to run that virtual machine (VM).
|
||
Arguments given to the script are passed to QEMU.
|
||
|
||
The VM shares its store with the host system.
|
||
|
||
Additional file systems can be shared between the host and the VM using
|
||
the @code{--share} and @code{--expose} command-line options: the former
|
||
specifies a directory to be shared with write access, while the latter
|
||
provides read-only access to the shared directory.
|
||
|
||
The example below creates a VM in which the user's home directory is
|
||
accessible read-only, and where the @file{/exchange} directory is a
|
||
read-write mapping of @file{$HOME/tmp} on the host:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix system vm my-config.scm \
|
||
--expose=$HOME --share=$HOME/tmp=/exchange
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
On GNU/Linux, the default is to boot directly to the kernel; this has
|
||
the advantage of requiring only a very tiny root disk image since the
|
||
store of the host can then be mounted.
|
||
|
||
The @code{--full-boot} option forces a complete boot sequence, starting
|
||
with the bootloader. This requires more disk space since a root image
|
||
containing at least the kernel, initrd, and bootloader data files must
|
||
be created. The @code{--image-size} option can be used to specify the
|
||
size of the image.
|
||
|
||
@item vm-image
|
||
@itemx disk-image
|
||
Return a virtual machine or disk image of the operating system declared
|
||
in @var{file} that stands alone. Use the @option{--image-size} option
|
||
to specify the size of the image.
|
||
|
||
When using @code{vm-image}, the returned image is in qcow2 format, which
|
||
the QEMU emulator can efficiently use. @xref{Running GuixSD in a VM},
|
||
for more information on how to run the image in a virtual machine.
|
||
|
||
When using @code{disk-image}, a raw disk image is produced; it can be
|
||
copied as is to a USB stick, for instance. Assuming @code{/dev/sdc} is
|
||
the device corresponding to a USB stick, one can copy the image to it
|
||
using the following command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
# dd if=$(guix system disk-image my-os.scm) of=/dev/sdc
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@item container
|
||
Return a script to run the operating system declared in @var{file}
|
||
within a container. Containers are a set of lightweight isolation
|
||
mechanisms provided by the kernel Linux-libre. Containers are
|
||
substantially less resource-demanding than full virtual machines since
|
||
the kernel, shared objects, and other resources can be shared with the
|
||
host system; this also means they provide thinner isolation.
|
||
|
||
Currently, the script must be run as root in order to support more than
|
||
a single user and group. The container shares its store with the host
|
||
system.
|
||
|
||
As with the @code{vm} action (@pxref{guix system vm}), additional file
|
||
systems to be shared between the host and container can be specified
|
||
using the @option{--share} and @option{--expose} options:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix system container my-config.scm \
|
||
--expose=$HOME --share=$HOME/tmp=/exchange
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@quotation Note
|
||
This option requires Linux-libre 3.19 or newer.
|
||
@end quotation
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@var{options} can contain any of the common build options (@pxref{Common
|
||
Build Options}). In addition, @var{options} can contain one of the
|
||
following:
|
||
|
||
@table @option
|
||
@item --system=@var{system}
|
||
@itemx -s @var{system}
|
||
Attempt to build for @var{system} instead of the host system type.
|
||
This works as per @command{guix build} (@pxref{Invoking guix build}).
|
||
|
||
@item --derivation
|
||
@itemx -d
|
||
Return the derivation file name of the given operating system without
|
||
building anything.
|
||
|
||
@item --image-size=@var{size}
|
||
For the @code{vm-image} and @code{disk-image} actions, create an image
|
||
of the given @var{size}. @var{size} may be a number of bytes, or it may
|
||
include a unit as a suffix (@pxref{Block size, size specifications,,
|
||
coreutils, GNU Coreutils}).
|
||
|
||
@item --on-error=@var{strategy}
|
||
Apply @var{strategy} when an error occurs when reading @var{file}.
|
||
@var{strategy} may be one of the following:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item nothing-special
|
||
Report the error concisely and exit. This is the default strategy.
|
||
|
||
@item backtrace
|
||
Likewise, but also display a backtrace.
|
||
|
||
@item debug
|
||
Report the error and enter Guile's debugger. From there, you can run
|
||
commands such as @code{,bt} to get a backtrace, @code{,locals} to
|
||
display local variable values, and more generally inspect the state of the
|
||
program. @xref{Debug Commands,,, guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual}, for
|
||
a list of available debugging commands.
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@quotation Note
|
||
All the actions above, except @code{build} and @code{init},
|
||
can use KVM support in the Linux-libre kernel. Specifically, if the
|
||
machine has hardware virtualization support, the corresponding
|
||
KVM kernel module should be loaded, and the @file{/dev/kvm} device node
|
||
must exist and be readable and writable by the user and by the
|
||
build users of the daemon (@pxref{Build Environment Setup}).
|
||
@end quotation
|
||
|
||
Once you have built, configured, re-configured, and re-re-configured
|
||
your GuixSD installation, you may find it useful to list the operating
|
||
system generations available on disk---and that you can choose from the
|
||
GRUB boot menu:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item list-generations
|
||
List a summary of each generation of the operating system available on
|
||
disk, in a human-readable way. This is similar to the
|
||
@option{--list-generations} option of @command{guix package}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix package}).
|
||
|
||
Optionally, one can specify a pattern, with the same syntax that is used
|
||
in @command{guix package --list-generations}, to restrict the list of
|
||
generations displayed. For instance, the following command displays
|
||
generations that are up to 10 days old:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix system list-generations 10d
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix system} command has even more to offer! The following
|
||
sub-commands allow you to visualize how your system services relate to
|
||
each other:
|
||
|
||
@anchor{system-extension-graph}
|
||
@table @code
|
||
|
||
@item extension-graph
|
||
Emit in Dot/Graphviz format to standard output the @dfn{service
|
||
extension graph} of the operating system defined in @var{file}
|
||
(@pxref{Service Composition}, for more information on service
|
||
extensions.)
|
||
|
||
The command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ guix system extension-graph @var{file} | dot -Tpdf > services.pdf
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
produces a PDF file showing the extension relations among services.
|
||
|
||
@anchor{system-shepherd-graph}
|
||
@item shepherd-graph
|
||
Emit in Dot/Graphviz format to standard output the @dfn{dependency
|
||
graph} of shepherd services of the operating system defined in
|
||
@var{file}. @xref{Shepherd Services}, for more information and for an
|
||
example graph.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@node Running GuixSD in a VM
|
||
@subsection Running GuixSD in a Virtual Machine
|
||
|
||
One way to run GuixSD in a virtual machine (VM) is to build a GuixSD
|
||
virtual machine image using @command{guix system vm-image}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix system}). The returned image is in qcow2 format,
|
||
which the @uref{http://qemu.org/, QEMU emulator} can efficiently use.
|
||
|
||
To run the image in QEMU, copy it out of the store (@pxref{The Store})
|
||
and give yourself permission to write to the copy. When invoking QEMU,
|
||
you must choose a system emulator that is suitable for your hardware
|
||
platform. Here is a minimal QEMU invocation that will boot the result
|
||
of @command{guix system vm-image} on x86_64 hardware:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
$ qemu-system-x86_64 \
|
||
-net user -net nic,model=virtio \
|
||
-enable-kvm -m 256 /tmp/qemu-image
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Here is what each of these options means:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item qemu-system-x86_64
|
||
This specifies the hardware platform to emulate. This should match the
|
||
host.
|
||
|
||
@item -net user
|
||
Enable the unprivileged user-mode network stack. The guest OS can
|
||
access the host but not vice versa. This is the simplest way to get the
|
||
guest OS online. If you do not choose a network stack, the boot will
|
||
fail.
|
||
|
||
@item -net nic,model=virtio
|
||
You must create a network interface of a given model. If you do not
|
||
create a NIC, the boot will fail. Assuming your hardware platform is
|
||
x86_64, you can get a list of available NIC models by running
|
||
@command{qemu-system-x86_64 -net nic,model=help}.
|
||
|
||
@item -enable-kvm
|
||
If your system has hardware virtualization extensions, enabling the
|
||
virtual machine support (KVM) of the Linux kernel will make things run
|
||
faster.
|
||
|
||
@item -m 256
|
||
RAM available to the guest OS, in mebibytes. Defaults to 128@tie{}MiB,
|
||
which may be insufficent for some operations.
|
||
|
||
@item /tmp/qemu-image
|
||
The file name of the qcow2 image.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@node Defining Services
|
||
@subsection Defining Services
|
||
|
||
The previous sections show the available services and how one can combine
|
||
them in an @code{operating-system} declaration. But how do we define
|
||
them in the first place? And what is a service anyway?
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Service Composition:: The model for composing services.
|
||
* Service Types and Services:: Types and services.
|
||
* Service Reference:: API reference.
|
||
* Shepherd Services:: A particular type of service.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Service Composition
|
||
@subsubsection Service Composition
|
||
|
||
@cindex services
|
||
@cindex daemons
|
||
Here we define a @dfn{service} as, broadly, something that extends the
|
||
functionality of the operating system. Often a service is a process---a
|
||
@dfn{daemon}---started when the system boots: a secure shell server, a
|
||
Web server, the Guix build daemon, etc. Sometimes a service is a daemon
|
||
whose execution can be triggered by another daemon---e.g., an FTP server
|
||
started by @command{inetd} or a D-Bus service activated by
|
||
@command{dbus-daemon}. Occasionally, a service does not map to a
|
||
daemon. For instance, the ``account'' service collects user accounts
|
||
and makes sure they exist when the system runs; the ``udev'' service
|
||
collects device management rules and makes them available to the eudev
|
||
daemon; the @file{/etc} service populates the @file{/etc} directory
|
||
of the system.
|
||
|
||
@cindex service extensions
|
||
GuixSD services are connected by @dfn{extensions}. For instance, the
|
||
secure shell service @emph{extends} the Shepherd---the GuixSD
|
||
initialization system, running as PID@tie{}1---by giving it the command
|
||
lines to start and stop the secure shell daemon (@pxref{Networking
|
||
Services, @code{lsh-service}}); the UPower service extends the D-Bus
|
||
service by passing it its @file{.service} specification, and extends the
|
||
udev service by passing it device management rules (@pxref{Desktop
|
||
Services, @code{upower-service}}); the Guix daemon service extends the
|
||
Shepherd by passing it the command lines to start and stop the daemon,
|
||
and extends the account service by passing it a list of required build
|
||
user accounts (@pxref{Base Services}).
|
||
|
||
All in all, services and their ``extends'' relations form a directed
|
||
acyclic graph (DAG). If we represent services as boxes and extensions
|
||
as arrows, a typical system might provide something like this:
|
||
|
||
@image{images/service-graph,,5in,Typical service extension graph.}
|
||
|
||
@cindex system service
|
||
At the bottom, we see the @dfn{system service}, which produces the
|
||
directory containing everything to run and boot the system, as returned
|
||
by the @command{guix system build} command. @xref{Service Reference},
|
||
to learn about the other service types shown here.
|
||
@xref{system-extension-graph, the @command{guix system extension-graph}
|
||
command}, for information on how to generate this representation for a
|
||
particular operating system definition.
|
||
|
||
@cindex service types
|
||
Technically, developers can define @dfn{service types} to express these
|
||
relations. There can be any number of services of a given type on the
|
||
system---for instance, a system running two instances of the GNU secure
|
||
shell server (lsh) has two instances of @var{lsh-service-type}, with
|
||
different parameters.
|
||
|
||
The following section describes the programming interface for service
|
||
types and services.
|
||
|
||
@node Service Types and Services
|
||
@subsubsection Service Types and Services
|
||
|
||
A @dfn{service type} is a node in the DAG described above. Let us start
|
||
with a simple example, the service type for the Guix build daemon
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix-daemon}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define guix-service-type
|
||
(service-type
|
||
(name 'guix)
|
||
(extensions
|
||
(list (service-extension shepherd-root-service-type guix-shepherd-service)
|
||
(service-extension account-service-type guix-accounts)
|
||
(service-extension activation-service-type guix-activation)))))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
It defines two things:
|
||
|
||
@enumerate
|
||
@item
|
||
A name, whose sole purpose is to make inspection and debugging easier.
|
||
|
||
@item
|
||
A list of @dfn{service extensions}, where each extension designates the
|
||
target service type and a procedure that, given the parameters of the
|
||
service, returns a list of objects to extend the service of that type.
|
||
|
||
Every service type has at least one service extension. The only
|
||
exception is the @dfn{boot service type}, which is the ultimate service.
|
||
@end enumerate
|
||
|
||
In this example, @var{guix-service-type} extends three services:
|
||
|
||
@table @var
|
||
@item shepherd-root-service-type
|
||
The @var{guix-shepherd-service} procedure defines how the Shepherd
|
||
service is extended. Namely, it returns a @code{<shepherd-service>}
|
||
object that defines how @command{guix-daemon} is started and stopped
|
||
(@pxref{Shepherd Services}).
|
||
|
||
@item account-service-type
|
||
This extension for this service is computed by @var{guix-accounts},
|
||
which returns a list of @code{user-group} and @code{user-account}
|
||
objects representing the build user accounts (@pxref{Invoking
|
||
guix-daemon}).
|
||
|
||
@item activation-service-type
|
||
Here @var{guix-activation} is a procedure that returns a gexp, which is
|
||
a code snippet to run at ``activation time''---e.g., when the service is
|
||
booted.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
A service of this type is instantiated like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(service guix-service-type
|
||
(guix-configuration
|
||
(build-accounts 5)
|
||
(use-substitutes? #f)))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The second argument to the @code{service} form is a value representing
|
||
the parameters of this specific service instance.
|
||
@xref{guix-configuration-type, @code{guix-configuration}}, for
|
||
information about the @code{guix-configuration} data type.
|
||
|
||
@var{guix-service-type} is quite simple because it extends other
|
||
services but is not extensible itself.
|
||
|
||
@c @subsubsubsection Extensible Service Types
|
||
|
||
The service type for an @emph{extensible} service looks like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define udev-service-type
|
||
(service-type (name 'udev)
|
||
(extensions
|
||
(list (service-extension shepherd-root-service-type
|
||
udev-shepherd-service)))
|
||
|
||
(compose concatenate) ;concatenate the list of rules
|
||
(extend (lambda (config rules)
|
||
(match config
|
||
(($ <udev-configuration> udev initial-rules)
|
||
(udev-configuration
|
||
(udev udev) ;the udev package to use
|
||
(rules (append initial-rules rules)))))))))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
This is the service type for the
|
||
@uref{https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:Eudev, eudev device
|
||
management daemon}. Compared to the previous example, in addition to an
|
||
extension of @var{shepherd-root-service-type}, we see two new fields:
|
||
|
||
@table @code
|
||
@item compose
|
||
This is the procedure to @dfn{compose} the list of extensions to
|
||
services of this type.
|
||
|
||
Services can extend the udev service by passing it lists of rules; we
|
||
compose those extensions simply by concatenating them.
|
||
|
||
@item extend
|
||
This procedure defines how the value of the service is @dfn{extended} with
|
||
the composition of the extensions.
|
||
|
||
Udev extensions are composed into a list of rules, but the udev service
|
||
value is itself a @code{<udev-configuration>} record. So here, we
|
||
extend that record by appending the list of rules it contains to the
|
||
list of contributed rules.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
There can be only one instance of an extensible service type such as
|
||
@var{udev-service-type}. If there were more, the
|
||
@code{service-extension} specifications would be ambiguous.
|
||
|
||
Still here? The next section provides a reference of the programming
|
||
interface for services.
|
||
|
||
@node Service Reference
|
||
@subsubsection Service Reference
|
||
|
||
We have seen an overview of service types (@pxref{Service Types and
|
||
Services}). This section provides a reference on how to manipulate
|
||
services and service types. This interface is provided by the
|
||
@code{(gnu services)} module.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} service @var{type} @var{value}
|
||
Return a new service of @var{type}, a @code{<service-type>} object (see
|
||
below.) @var{value} can be any object; it represents the parameters of
|
||
this particular service instance.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} service? @var{obj}
|
||
Return true if @var{obj} is a service.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} service-kind @var{service}
|
||
Return the type of @var{service}---i.e., a @code{<service-type>} object.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} service-parameters @var{service}
|
||
Return the value associated with @var{service}. It represents its
|
||
parameters.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
Here is an example of how a service is created and manipulated:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define s
|
||
(service nginx-service-type
|
||
(nginx-configuration
|
||
(nginx nginx)
|
||
(log-directory log-directory)
|
||
(run-directory run-directory)
|
||
(file config-file))))
|
||
|
||
(service? s)
|
||
@result{} #t
|
||
|
||
(eq? (service-kind s) nginx-service-type)
|
||
@result{} #t
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The @code{modify-services} form provides a handy way to change the
|
||
parameters of some of the services of a list such as
|
||
@var{%base-services} (@pxref{Base Services, @code{%base-services}}). It
|
||
evalutes to a list of services. Of course, you could always use
|
||
standard list combinators such as @code{map} and @code{fold} to do that
|
||
(@pxref{SRFI-1, List Library,, guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual});
|
||
@code{modify-services} simply provides a more concise form for this
|
||
common pattern.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Syntax} modify-services @var{services} @
|
||
(@var{type} @var{variable} => @var{body}) @dots{}
|
||
|
||
Modify the services listed in @var{services} according to the given
|
||
clauses. Each clause has the form:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(@var{type} @var{variable} => @var{body})
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
where @var{type} is a service type---e.g.,
|
||
@code{guix-service-type}---and @var{variable} is an identifier that is
|
||
bound within the @var{body} to the service parameters---e.g., a
|
||
@code{guix-configuration} instance---of the original service of that
|
||
@var{type}.
|
||
|
||
The @var{body} should evaluate to the new service parameters, which will
|
||
be used to configure the new service. This new service will replace the
|
||
original in the resulting list. Because a service's service parameters
|
||
are created using @code{define-record-type*}, you can write a succint
|
||
@var{body} that evaluates to the new service parameters by using the
|
||
@code{inherit} feature that @code{define-record-type*} provides.
|
||
|
||
@xref{Using the Configuration System}, for example usage.
|
||
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
Next comes the programming interface for service types. This is
|
||
something you want to know when writing new service definitions, but not
|
||
necessarily when simply looking for ways to customize your
|
||
@code{operating-system} declaration.
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} service-type
|
||
@cindex service type
|
||
This is the representation of a @dfn{service type} (@pxref{Service Types
|
||
and Services}).
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{name}
|
||
This is a symbol, used only to simplify inspection and debugging.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{extensions}
|
||
A non-empty list of @code{<service-extension>} objects (see below).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{compose} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
If this is @code{#f}, then the service type denotes services that cannot
|
||
be extended---i.e., services that do not receive ``values'' from other
|
||
services.
|
||
|
||
Otherwise, it must be a one-argument procedure. The procedure is called
|
||
by @code{fold-services} and is passed a list of values collected from
|
||
extensions. It must return a value that is a valid parameter value for
|
||
the service instance.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{extend} (default: @code{#f})
|
||
If this is @code{#f}, services of this type cannot be extended.
|
||
|
||
Otherwise, it must be a two-argument procedure: @code{fold-services}
|
||
calls it, passing it the initial value of the service as the first argument
|
||
and the result of applying @code{compose} to the extension values as the
|
||
second argument.
|
||
@end table
|
||
|
||
@xref{Service Types and Services}, for examples.
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} service-extension @var{target-type} @
|
||
@var{compute}
|
||
Return a new extension for services of type @var{target-type}.
|
||
@var{compute} must be a one-argument procedure: @code{fold-services}
|
||
calls it, passing it the value associated with the service that provides
|
||
the extension; it must return a valid value for the target service.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} service-extension? @var{obj}
|
||
Return true if @var{obj} is a service extension.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
At the core of the service abstraction lies the @code{fold-services}
|
||
procedure, which is responsible for ``compiling'' a list of services
|
||
down to a single directory that contains everything needed to boot and
|
||
run the system---the directory shown by the @command{guix system build}
|
||
command (@pxref{Invoking guix system}). In essence, it propagates
|
||
service extensions down the service graph, updating each node parameters
|
||
on the way, until it reaches the root node.
|
||
|
||
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} fold-services @var{services} @
|
||
[#:target-type @var{system-service-type}]
|
||
Fold @var{services} by propagating their extensions down to the root of
|
||
type @var{target-type}; return the root service adjusted accordingly.
|
||
@end deffn
|
||
|
||
Lastly, the @code{(gnu services)} module also defines several essential
|
||
service types, some of which are listed below.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} system-service-type
|
||
This is the root of the service graph. It produces the system directory
|
||
as returned by the @command{guix system build} command.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} boot-service-type
|
||
The type of the ``boot service'', which produces the @dfn{boot script}.
|
||
The boot script is what the initial RAM disk runs when booting.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} etc-service-type
|
||
The type of the @file{/etc} service. This service can be extended by
|
||
passing it name/file tuples such as:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(list `("issue" ,(plain-file "issue" "Welcome!\n")))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
In this example, the effect would be to add an @file{/etc/issue} file
|
||
pointing to the given file.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} setuid-program-service-type
|
||
Type for the ``setuid-program service''. This service collects lists of
|
||
executable file names, passed as gexps, and adds them to the set of
|
||
setuid-root programs on the system (@pxref{Setuid Programs}).
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} profile-service-type
|
||
Type of the service that populates the @dfn{system profile}---i.e., the
|
||
programs under @file{/run/current-system/profile}. Other services can
|
||
extend it by passing it lists of packages to add to the system profile.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Shepherd Services
|
||
@subsubsection Shepherd Services
|
||
|
||
@cindex PID 1
|
||
@cindex init system
|
||
The @code{(gnu services shepherd)} module provides a way to define
|
||
services managed by the GNU@tie{}Shepherd, which is the GuixSD
|
||
initialization system---the first process that is started when the
|
||
system boots, also known as PID@tie{}1
|
||
(@pxref{Introduction,,, shepherd, The GNU Shepherd Manual}).
|
||
|
||
Services in the Shepherd can depend on each other. For instance, the
|
||
SSH daemon may need to be started after the syslog daemon has been
|
||
started, which in turn can only happen once all the file systems have
|
||
been mounted. The simple operating system defined earlier (@pxref{Using
|
||
the Configuration System}) results in a service graph like this:
|
||
|
||
@image{images/shepherd-graph,,5in,Typical shepherd service graph.}
|
||
|
||
You can actually generate such a graph for any operating system
|
||
definition using the @command{guix system shepherd-graph} command
|
||
(@pxref{system-shepherd-graph, @command{guix system shepherd-graph}}).
|
||
|
||
The @var{%shepherd-root-service} is a service object representing
|
||
PID@tie{}1, of type @var{shepherd-root-service-type}; it can be extended
|
||
by passing it lists of @code{<shepherd-service>} objects.
|
||
|
||
@deftp {Data Type} shepherd-service
|
||
The data type representing a service managed by the Shepherd.
|
||
|
||
@table @asis
|
||
@item @code{provision}
|
||
This is a list of symbols denoting what the service provides.
|
||
|
||
These are the names that may be passed to @command{herd start},
|
||
@command{herd status}, and similar commands (@pxref{Invoking herd,,,
|
||
shepherd, The GNU Shepherd Manual}). @xref{Slots of services, the
|
||
@code{provides} slot,, shepherd, The GNU Shepherd Manual}, for details.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{requirements} (default: @code{'()})
|
||
List of symbols denoting the Shepherd services this one depends on.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{respawn?} (default: @code{#t})
|
||
Whether to restart the service when it stops, for instance when the
|
||
underlying process dies.
|
||
|
||
@item @code{start}
|
||
@itemx @code{stop} (default: @code{#~(const #f)})
|
||
The @code{start} and @code{stop} fields refer to the Shepherd's
|
||
facilities to start and stop processes (@pxref{Service De- and
|
||
Constructors,,, shepherd, The GNU Shepherd Manual}). They are given as
|
||
G-expressions that get expanded in the Shepherd configuration file
|
||
(@pxref{G-Expressions}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{documentation}
|
||
A documentation string, as shown when running:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
herd doc @var{service-name}
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
where @var{service-name} is one of the symbols in @var{provision}
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking herd,,, shepherd, The GNU Shepherd Manual}).
|
||
|
||
@item @code{modules} (default: @var{%default-modules})
|
||
This is the list of modules that must be in scope when @code{start} and
|
||
@code{stop} are evaluated.
|
||
|
||
@end table
|
||
@end deftp
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} shepherd-root-service-type
|
||
The service type for the Shepherd ``root service''---i.e., PID@tie{}1.
|
||
|
||
This is the service type that extensions target when they want to create
|
||
shepherd services (@pxref{Service Types and Services}, for an example).
|
||
Each extension must pass a list of @code{<shepherd-service>}.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Scheme Variable} %shepherd-root-service
|
||
This service represents PID@tie{}1.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Installing Debugging Files
|
||
@section Installing Debugging Files
|
||
|
||
@cindex debugging files
|
||
Program binaries, as produced by the GCC compilers for instance, are
|
||
typically written in the ELF format, with a section containing
|
||
@dfn{debugging information}. Debugging information is what allows the
|
||
debugger, GDB, to map binary code to source code; it is required to
|
||
debug a compiled program in good conditions.
|
||
|
||
The problem with debugging information is that is takes up a fair amount
|
||
of disk space. For example, debugging information for the GNU C Library
|
||
weighs in at more than 60 MiB. Thus, as a user, keeping all the
|
||
debugging info of all the installed programs is usually not an option.
|
||
Yet, space savings should not come at the cost of an impediment to
|
||
debugging---especially in the GNU system, which should make it easier
|
||
for users to exert their computing freedom (@pxref{GNU Distribution}).
|
||
|
||
Thankfully, the GNU Binary Utilities (Binutils) and GDB provide a
|
||
mechanism that allows users to get the best of both worlds: debugging
|
||
information can be stripped from the binaries and stored in separate
|
||
files. GDB is then able to load debugging information from those files,
|
||
when they are available (@pxref{Separate Debug Files,,, gdb, Debugging
|
||
with GDB}).
|
||
|
||
The GNU distribution takes advantage of this by storing debugging
|
||
information in the @code{lib/debug} sub-directory of a separate package
|
||
output unimaginatively called @code{debug} (@pxref{Packages with
|
||
Multiple Outputs}). Users can choose to install the @code{debug} output
|
||
of a package when they need it. For instance, the following command
|
||
installs the debugging information for the GNU C Library and for GNU
|
||
Guile:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix package -i glibc:debug guile:debug
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
GDB must then be told to look for debug files in the user's profile, by
|
||
setting the @code{debug-file-directory} variable (consider setting it
|
||
from the @file{~/.gdbinit} file, @pxref{Startup,,, gdb, Debugging with
|
||
GDB}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(gdb) set debug-file-directory ~/.guix-profile/lib/debug
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
From there on, GDB will pick up debugging information from the
|
||
@code{.debug} files under @file{~/.guix-profile/lib/debug}.
|
||
|
||
In addition, you will most likely want GDB to be able to show the source
|
||
code being debugged. To do that, you will have to unpack the source
|
||
code of the package of interest (obtained with @code{guix build
|
||
--source}, @pxref{Invoking guix build}), and to point GDB to that source
|
||
directory using the @code{directory} command (@pxref{Source Path,
|
||
@code{directory},, gdb, Debugging with GDB}).
|
||
|
||
@c XXX: keep me up-to-date
|
||
The @code{debug} output mechanism in Guix is implemented by the
|
||
@code{gnu-build-system} (@pxref{Build Systems}). Currently, it is
|
||
opt-in---debugging information is available only for the packages
|
||
with definitions explicitly declaring a @code{debug} output. This may be
|
||
changed to opt-out in the future if our build farm servers can handle
|
||
the load. To check whether a package has a @code{debug} output, use
|
||
@command{guix package --list-available} (@pxref{Invoking guix package}).
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Security Updates
|
||
@section Security Updates
|
||
|
||
@cindex security updates
|
||
@cindex security vulnerabilities
|
||
Occasionally, important security vulnerabilities are discovered in software
|
||
packages and must be patched. Guix developers try hard to keep track of
|
||
known vulnerabilities and to apply fixes as soon as possible in the
|
||
@code{master} branch of Guix (we do not yet provide a ``stable'' branch
|
||
containing only security updates.) The @command{guix lint} tool helps
|
||
developers find out about vulnerable versions of software packages in the
|
||
distribution:
|
||
|
||
@smallexample
|
||
$ guix lint -c cve
|
||
gnu/packages/base.scm:652:2: glibc-2.21: probably vulnerable to CVE-2015-1781, CVE-2015-7547
|
||
gnu/packages/gcc.scm:334:2: gcc-4.9.3: probably vulnerable to CVE-2015-5276
|
||
gnu/packages/image.scm:312:2: openjpeg-2.1.0: probably vulnerable to CVE-2016-1923, CVE-2016-1924
|
||
@dots{}
|
||
@end smallexample
|
||
|
||
@xref{Invoking guix lint}, for more information.
|
||
|
||
@quotation Note
|
||
As of version @value{VERSION}, the feature described below is considered
|
||
``beta''.
|
||
@end quotation
|
||
|
||
Guix follows a functional
|
||
package management discipline (@pxref{Introduction}), which implies
|
||
that, when a package is changed, @emph{every package that depends on it}
|
||
must be rebuilt. This can significantly slow down the deployment of
|
||
fixes in core packages such as libc or Bash, since basically the whole
|
||
distribution would need to be rebuilt. Using pre-built binaries helps
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}), but deployment may still take more time than
|
||
desired.
|
||
|
||
@cindex grafts
|
||
To address this, Guix implements @dfn{grafts}, a mechanism that allows
|
||
for fast deployment of critical updates without the costs associated
|
||
with a whole-distribution rebuild. The idea is to rebuild only the
|
||
package that needs to be patched, and then to ``graft'' it onto packages
|
||
explicitly installed by the user and that were previously referring to
|
||
the original package. The cost of grafting is typically very low, and
|
||
order of magnitudes lower than a full rebuild of the dependency chain.
|
||
|
||
@cindex replacements of packages, for grafts
|
||
For instance, suppose a security update needs to be applied to Bash.
|
||
Guix developers will provide a package definition for the ``fixed''
|
||
Bash, say @var{bash-fixed}, in the usual way (@pxref{Defining
|
||
Packages}). Then, the original package definition is augmented with a
|
||
@code{replacement} field pointing to the package containing the bug fix:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define bash
|
||
(package
|
||
(name "bash")
|
||
;; @dots{}
|
||
(replacement bash-fixed)))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
From there on, any package depending directly or indirectly on Bash---as
|
||
reported by @command{guix gc --requisites} (@pxref{Invoking guix
|
||
gc})---that is installed is automatically ``rewritten'' to refer to
|
||
@var{bash-fixed} instead of @var{bash}. This grafting process takes
|
||
time proportional to the size of the package, usually less than a
|
||
minute for an ``average'' package on a recent machine. Grafting is
|
||
recursive: when an indirect dependency requires grafting, then grafting
|
||
``propagates'' up to the package that the user is installing.
|
||
|
||
Currently, the graft and the package it replaces (@var{bash-fixed} and
|
||
@var{bash} in the example above) must have the exact same @code{name}
|
||
and @code{version} fields. This restriction mostly comes from the fact
|
||
that grafting works by patching files, including binary files, directly.
|
||
Other restrictions may apply: for instance, when adding a graft to a
|
||
package providing a shared library, the original shared library and its
|
||
replacement must have the same @code{SONAME} and be binary-compatible.
|
||
|
||
The @option{--no-grafts} command-line option allows you to forcefully
|
||
avoid grafting (@pxref{Common Build Options, @option{--no-grafts}}).
|
||
Thus, the command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build bash --no-grafts
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
returns the store file name of the original Bash, whereas:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build bash
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
returns the store file name of the ``fixed'', replacement Bash. This
|
||
allows you to distinguish between the two variants of Bash.
|
||
|
||
To verify which Bash your whole profile refers to, you can run
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix gc}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix gc -R `readlink -f ~/.guix-profile` | grep bash
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
@dots{} and compare the store file names that you get with those above.
|
||
Likewise for a complete GuixSD system generation:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix gc -R `guix system build my-config.scm` | grep bash
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Lastly, to check which Bash running processes are using, you can use the
|
||
@command{lsof} command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
lsof | grep /gnu/store/.*bash
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Package Modules
|
||
@section Package Modules
|
||
|
||
From a programming viewpoint, the package definitions of the
|
||
GNU distribution are provided by Guile modules in the @code{(gnu packages
|
||
@dots{})} name space@footnote{Note that packages under the @code{(gnu
|
||
packages @dots{})} module name space are not necessarily ``GNU
|
||
packages''. This module naming scheme follows the usual Guile module
|
||
naming convention: @code{gnu} means that these modules are distributed
|
||
as part of the GNU system, and @code{packages} identifies modules that
|
||
define packages.} (@pxref{Modules, Guile modules,, guile, GNU Guile
|
||
Reference Manual}). For instance, the @code{(gnu packages emacs)}
|
||
module exports a variable named @code{emacs}, which is bound to a
|
||
@code{<package>} object (@pxref{Defining Packages}).
|
||
|
||
The @code{(gnu packages @dots{})} module name space is
|
||
automatically scanned for packages by the command-line tools. For
|
||
instance, when running @code{guix package -i emacs}, all the @code{(gnu
|
||
packages @dots{})} modules are scanned until one that exports a package
|
||
object whose name is @code{emacs} is found. This package search
|
||
facility is implemented in the @code{(gnu packages)} module.
|
||
|
||
@cindex customization, of packages
|
||
@cindex package module search path
|
||
Users can store package definitions in modules with different
|
||
names---e.g., @code{(my-packages emacs)}@footnote{Note that the file
|
||
name and module name must match. For instance, the @code{(my-packages
|
||
emacs)} module must be stored in a @file{my-packages/emacs.scm} file
|
||
relative to the load path specified with @option{--load-path} or
|
||
@code{GUIX_PACKAGE_PATH}. @xref{Modules and the File System,,,
|
||
guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual}, for details.}. These package definitions
|
||
will not be visible by default. Users can invoke commands such as
|
||
@command{guix package} and @command{guix build} with the
|
||
@code{-e} option so that they know where to find the package. Better
|
||
yet, they can use the
|
||
@code{-L} option of these commands to make those modules visible
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix build, @code{--load-path}}), or define the
|
||
@code{GUIX_PACKAGE_PATH} environment variable. This environment
|
||
variable makes it easy to extend or customize the distribution and is
|
||
honored by all the user interfaces.
|
||
|
||
@defvr {Environment Variable} GUIX_PACKAGE_PATH
|
||
This is a colon-separated list of directories to search for additional
|
||
package modules. Directories listed in this variable take precedence
|
||
over the own modules of the distribution.
|
||
@end defvr
|
||
|
||
The distribution is fully @dfn{bootstrapped} and @dfn{self-contained}:
|
||
each package is built based solely on other packages in the
|
||
distribution. The root of this dependency graph is a small set of
|
||
@dfn{bootstrap binaries}, provided by the @code{(gnu packages
|
||
bootstrap)} module. For more information on bootstrapping,
|
||
@pxref{Bootstrapping}.
|
||
|
||
@node Packaging Guidelines
|
||
@section Packaging Guidelines
|
||
|
||
The GNU distribution is nascent and may well lack some of your favorite
|
||
packages. This section describes how you can help make the distribution
|
||
grow. @xref{Contributing}, for additional information on how you can
|
||
help.
|
||
|
||
Free software packages are usually distributed in the form of
|
||
@dfn{source code tarballs}---typically @file{tar.gz} files that contain
|
||
all the source files. Adding a package to the distribution means
|
||
essentially two things: adding a @dfn{recipe} that describes how to
|
||
build the package, including a list of other packages required to build
|
||
it, and adding @dfn{package metadata} along with that recipe, such as a
|
||
description and licensing information.
|
||
|
||
In Guix all this information is embodied in @dfn{package definitions}.
|
||
Package definitions provide a high-level view of the package. They are
|
||
written using the syntax of the Scheme programming language; in fact,
|
||
for each package we define a variable bound to the package definition,
|
||
and export that variable from a module (@pxref{Package Modules}).
|
||
However, in-depth Scheme knowledge is @emph{not} a prerequisite for
|
||
creating packages. For more information on package definitions,
|
||
@pxref{Defining Packages}.
|
||
|
||
Once a package definition is in place, stored in a file in the Guix
|
||
source tree, it can be tested using the @command{guix build} command
|
||
(@pxref{Invoking guix build}). For example, assuming the new package is
|
||
called @code{gnew}, you may run this command from the Guix build tree
|
||
(@pxref{Running Guix Before It Is Installed}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
./pre-inst-env guix build gnew --keep-failed
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Using @code{--keep-failed} makes it easier to debug build failures since
|
||
it provides access to the failed build tree. Another useful
|
||
command-line option when debugging is @code{--log-file}, to access the
|
||
build log.
|
||
|
||
If the package is unknown to the @command{guix} command, it may be that
|
||
the source file contains a syntax error, or lacks a @code{define-public}
|
||
clause to export the package variable. To figure it out, you may load
|
||
the module from Guile to get more information about the actual error:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
./pre-inst-env guile -c '(use-modules (gnu packages gnew))'
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
Once your package builds correctly, please send us a patch
|
||
(@pxref{Contributing}). Well, if you need help, we will be happy to
|
||
help you too. Once the patch is committed in the Guix repository, the
|
||
new package automatically gets built on the supported platforms by
|
||
@url{http://hydra.gnu.org/jobset/gnu/master, our continuous integration
|
||
system}.
|
||
|
||
@cindex substituter
|
||
Users can obtain the new package definition simply by running
|
||
@command{guix pull} (@pxref{Invoking guix pull}). When
|
||
@code{hydra.gnu.org} is done building the package, installing the
|
||
package automatically downloads binaries from there
|
||
(@pxref{Substitutes}). The only place where human intervention is
|
||
needed is to review and apply the patch.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@menu
|
||
* Software Freedom:: What may go into the distribution.
|
||
* Package Naming:: What's in a name?
|
||
* Version Numbers:: When the name is not enough.
|
||
* Synopses and Descriptions:: Helping users find the right package.
|
||
* Python Modules:: Taming the snake.
|
||
* Perl Modules:: Little pearls.
|
||
* Java Packages:: Coffee break.
|
||
* Fonts:: Fond of fonts.
|
||
@end menu
|
||
|
||
@node Software Freedom
|
||
@subsection Software Freedom
|
||
|
||
@c Adapted from http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/philosophy.html.
|
||
|
||
The GNU operating system has been developed so that users can have
|
||
freedom in their computing. GNU is @dfn{free software}, meaning that
|
||
users have the @url{http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html,four
|
||
essential freedoms}: to run the program, to study and change the program
|
||
in source code form, to redistribute exact copies, and to distribute
|
||
modified versions. Packages found in the GNU distribution provide only
|
||
software that conveys these four freedoms.
|
||
|
||
In addition, the GNU distribution follow the
|
||
@url{http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html,free
|
||
software distribution guidelines}. Among other things, these guidelines
|
||
reject non-free firmware, recommendations of non-free software, and
|
||
discuss ways to deal with trademarks and patents.
|
||
|
||
Some otherwise free upstream package sources contain a small and optional
|
||
subset that violates the above guidelines, for instance because this subset
|
||
is itself non-free code. When that happens, the offending items are removed
|
||
with appropriate patches or code snippets in the @code{origin} form of the
|
||
package (@pxref{Defining Packages}). This way, @code{guix
|
||
build --source} returns the ``freed'' source rather than the unmodified
|
||
upstream source.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Package Naming
|
||
@subsection Package Naming
|
||
|
||
A package has actually two names associated with it:
|
||
First, there is the name of the @emph{Scheme variable}, the one following
|
||
@code{define-public}. By this name, the package can be made known in the
|
||
Scheme code, for instance as input to another package. Second, there is
|
||
the string in the @code{name} field of a package definition. This name
|
||
is used by package management commands such as
|
||
@command{guix package} and @command{guix build}.
|
||
|
||
Both are usually the same and correspond to the lowercase conversion of
|
||
the project name chosen upstream, with underscores replaced with
|
||
hyphens. For instance, GNUnet is available as @code{gnunet}, and
|
||
SDL_net as @code{sdl-net}.
|
||
|
||
We do not add @code{lib} prefixes for library packages, unless these are
|
||
already part of the official project name. But @pxref{Python
|
||
Modules} and @ref{Perl Modules} for special rules concerning modules for
|
||
the Python and Perl languages.
|
||
|
||
Font package names are handled differently, @pxref{Fonts}.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Version Numbers
|
||
@subsection Version Numbers
|
||
|
||
We usually package only the latest version of a given free software
|
||
project. But sometimes, for instance for incompatible library versions,
|
||
two (or more) versions of the same package are needed. These require
|
||
different Scheme variable names. We use the name as defined
|
||
in @ref{Package Naming}
|
||
for the most recent version; previous versions use the same name, suffixed
|
||
by @code{-} and the smallest prefix of the version number that may
|
||
distinguish the two versions.
|
||
|
||
The name inside the package definition is the same for all versions of a
|
||
package and does not contain any version number.
|
||
|
||
For instance, the versions 2.24.20 and 3.9.12 of GTK+ may be packaged as follows:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define-public gtk+
|
||
(package
|
||
(name "gtk+")
|
||
(version "3.9.12")
|
||
...))
|
||
(define-public gtk+-2
|
||
(package
|
||
(name "gtk+")
|
||
(version "2.24.20")
|
||
...))
|
||
@end example
|
||
If we also wanted GTK+ 3.8.2, this would be packaged as
|
||
@example
|
||
(define-public gtk+-3.8
|
||
(package
|
||
(name "gtk+")
|
||
(version "3.8.2")
|
||
...))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@c See <https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/guix-devel/2016-01/msg00425.html>,
|
||
@c for a discussion of what follows.
|
||
@cindex version number, for VCS snapshots
|
||
Occasionally, we package snapshots of upstream's version control system
|
||
(VCS) instead of formal releases. This should remain exceptional,
|
||
because it is up to upstream developers to clarify what the stable
|
||
release is. Yet, it is sometimes necessary. So, what should we put in
|
||
the @code{version} field?
|
||
|
||
Clearly, we need to make the commit identifier of the VCS snapshot
|
||
visible in the version string, but we also need to make sure that the
|
||
version string is monotonically increasing so that @command{guix package
|
||
--upgrade} can determine which version is newer. Since commit
|
||
identifiers, notably with Git, are not monotonically increasing, we add
|
||
a revision number that we increase each time we upgrade to a newer
|
||
snapshot. The resulting version string looks like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
2.0.11-3.cabba9e
|
||
^ ^ ^
|
||
| | `-- upstream commit ID
|
||
| |
|
||
| `--- Guix package revision
|
||
|
|
||
latest upstream version
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
It is a good idea to strip commit identifiers in the @code{version}
|
||
field to, say, 7 digits. It avoids an aesthetic annoyance (assuming
|
||
aesthetics have a role to play here) as well as problems related to OS
|
||
limits such as the maximum shebang length (127 bytes for the Linux
|
||
kernel.) It is best to use the full commit identifiers in
|
||
@code{origin}s, though, to avoid ambiguities. A typical package
|
||
definition may look like this:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
(define my-package
|
||
(let ((commit "c3f29bc928d5900971f65965feaae59e1272a3f7")
|
||
(revision "1")) ;Guix package revision
|
||
(package
|
||
(version (string-append "0.9-" revision "."
|
||
(string-take commit 7)))
|
||
(source (origin
|
||
(method git-fetch)
|
||
(uri (git-reference
|
||
(url "git://example.org/my-package.git")
|
||
(commit commit)))
|
||
(sha256 (base32 "1mbikn@dots{}"))
|
||
(file-name (string-append "my-package-" version
|
||
"-checkout"))))
|
||
;; @dots{}
|
||
)))
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@node Synopses and Descriptions
|
||
@subsection Synopses and Descriptions
|
||
|
||
As we have seen before, each package in GNU@tie{}Guix includes a
|
||
synopsis and a description (@pxref{Defining Packages}). Synopses and
|
||
descriptions are important: They are what @command{guix package
|
||
--search} searches, and a crucial piece of information to help users
|
||
determine whether a given package suits their needs. Consequently,
|
||
packagers should pay attention to what goes into them.
|
||
|
||
Synopses must start with a capital letter and must not end with a
|
||
period. They must not start with ``a'' or ``the'', which usually does
|
||
not bring anything; for instance, prefer ``File-frobbing tool'' over ``A
|
||
tool that frobs files''. The synopsis should say what the package
|
||
is---e.g., ``Core GNU utilities (file, text, shell)''---or what it is
|
||
used for---e.g., the synopsis for GNU@tie{}grep is ``Print lines
|
||
matching a pattern''.
|
||
|
||
Keep in mind that the synopsis must be meaningful for a very wide
|
||
audience. For example, ``Manipulate alignments in the SAM format''
|
||
might make sense for a seasoned bioinformatics researcher, but might be
|
||
fairly unhelpful or even misleading to a non-specialized audience. It
|
||
is a good idea to come up with a synopsis that gives an idea of the
|
||
application domain of the package. In this example, this might give
|
||
something like ``Manipulate nucleotide sequence alignments'', which
|
||
hopefully gives the user a better idea of whether this is what they are
|
||
looking for.
|
||
|
||
Descriptions should take between five and ten lines. Use full
|
||
sentences, and avoid using acronyms without first introducing them.
|
||
Please avoid marketing phrases such as ``world-leading'',
|
||
``industrial-strength'', and ``next-generation'', and avoid superlatives
|
||
like ``the most advanced''---they are not helpful to users looking for a
|
||
package and may even sound suspicious. Instead, try to be factual,
|
||
mentioning use cases and features.
|
||
|
||
@cindex Texinfo markup, in package descriptions
|
||
Descriptions can include Texinfo markup, which is useful to introduce
|
||
ornaments such as @code{@@code} or @code{@@dfn}, bullet lists, or
|
||
hyperlinks (@pxref{Overview,,, texinfo, GNU Texinfo}). However you
|
||
should be careful when using some characters for example @samp{@@} and
|
||
curly braces which are the basic special characters in Texinfo
|
||
(@pxref{Special Characters,,, texinfo, GNU Texinfo}). User interfaces
|
||
such as @command{guix package --show} take care of rendering it
|
||
appropriately.
|
||
|
||
Synopses and descriptions are translated by volunteers
|
||
@uref{http://translationproject.org/domain/guix-packages.html, at the
|
||
Translation Project} so that as many users as possible can read them in
|
||
their native language. User interfaces search them and display them in
|
||
the language specified by the current locale.
|
||
|
||
Translation is a lot of work so, as a packager, please pay even more
|
||
attention to your synopses and descriptions as every change may entail
|
||
additional work for translators. In order to help them, it is possible
|
||
to make recommendations or instructions visible to them by inserting
|
||
special comments like this (@pxref{xgettext Invocation,,, gettext, GNU
|
||
Gettext}):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
;; TRANSLATORS: "X11 resize-and-rotate" should not be translated.
|
||
(description "ARandR is designed to provide a simple visual front end
|
||
for the X11 resize-and-rotate (RandR) extension. @dots{}")
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Python Modules
|
||
@subsection Python Modules
|
||
|
||
We currently package Python 2 and Python 3, under the Scheme variable names
|
||
@code{python-2} and @code{python} as explained in @ref{Version Numbers}.
|
||
To avoid confusion and naming clashes with other programming languages, it
|
||
seems desirable that the name of a package for a Python module contains
|
||
the word @code{python}.
|
||
|
||
Some modules are compatible with only one version of Python, others with both.
|
||
If the package Foo compiles only with Python 3, we name it
|
||
@code{python-foo}; if it compiles only with Python 2, we name it
|
||
@code{python2-foo}. If it is compatible with both versions, we create two
|
||
packages with the corresponding names.
|
||
|
||
If a project already contains the word @code{python}, we drop this;
|
||
for instance, the module python-dateutil is packaged under the names
|
||
@code{python-dateutil} and @code{python2-dateutil}. If the project name
|
||
starts with @code{py} (e.g. @code{pytz}), we keep it and prefix it as
|
||
described above.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Perl Modules
|
||
@subsection Perl Modules
|
||
|
||
Perl programs standing for themselves are named as any other package,
|
||
using the lowercase upstream name.
|
||
For Perl packages containing a single class, we use the lowercase class name,
|
||
replace all occurrences of @code{::} by dashes and prepend the prefix
|
||
@code{perl-}.
|
||
So the class @code{XML::Parser} becomes @code{perl-xml-parser}.
|
||
Modules containing several classes keep their lowercase upstream name and
|
||
are also prepended by @code{perl-}. Such modules tend to have the word
|
||
@code{perl} somewhere in their name, which gets dropped in favor of the
|
||
prefix. For instance, @code{libwww-perl} becomes @code{perl-libwww}.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Java Packages
|
||
@subsection Java Packages
|
||
|
||
Java programs standing for themselves are named as any other package,
|
||
using the lowercase upstream name.
|
||
|
||
To avoid confusion and naming clashes with other programming languages,
|
||
it is desirable that the name of a package for a Java package is
|
||
prefixed with @code{java-}. If a project already contains the word
|
||
@code{java}, we drop this; for instance, the package @code{ngsjava} is
|
||
packaged under the name @code{java-ngs}.
|
||
|
||
For Java packages containing a single class or a small class hierarchy,
|
||
we use the lowercase class name, replace all occurrences of @code{.} by
|
||
dashes and prepend the prefix @code{java-}. So the class
|
||
@code{apache.commons.cli} becomes package
|
||
@code{java-apache-commons-cli}.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Fonts
|
||
@subsection Fonts
|
||
|
||
For fonts that are in general not installed by a user for typesetting
|
||
purposes, or that are distributed as part of a larger software package,
|
||
we rely on the general packaging rules for software; for instance, this
|
||
applies to the fonts delivered as part of the X.Org system or fonts that
|
||
are part of TeX Live.
|
||
|
||
To make it easier for a user to search for fonts, names for other packages
|
||
containing only fonts are constructed as follows, independently of the
|
||
upstream package name.
|
||
|
||
The name of a package containing only one font family starts with
|
||
@code{font-}; it is followed by the foundry name and a dash @code{-}
|
||
if the foundry is known, and the font family name, in which spaces are
|
||
replaced by dashes (and as usual, all upper case letters are transformed
|
||
to lower case).
|
||
For example, the Gentium font family by SIL is packaged under the name
|
||
@code{font-sil-gentium}.
|
||
|
||
For a package containing several font families, the name of the collection
|
||
is used in the place of the font family name.
|
||
For instance, the Liberation fonts consist of three families,
|
||
Liberation Sans, Liberation Serif and Liberation Mono.
|
||
These could be packaged separately under the names
|
||
@code{font-liberation-sans} and so on; but as they are distributed together
|
||
under a common name, we prefer to package them together as
|
||
@code{font-liberation}.
|
||
|
||
In the case where several formats of the same font family or font collection
|
||
are packaged separately, a short form of the format, prepended by a dash,
|
||
is added to the package name. We use @code{-ttf} for TrueType fonts,
|
||
@code{-otf} for OpenType fonts and @code{-type1} for PostScript Type 1
|
||
fonts.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
@node Bootstrapping
|
||
@section Bootstrapping
|
||
|
||
@c Adapted from the ELS 2013 paper.
|
||
|
||
@cindex bootstrapping
|
||
|
||
Bootstrapping in our context refers to how the distribution gets built
|
||
``from nothing''. Remember that the build environment of a derivation
|
||
contains nothing but its declared inputs (@pxref{Introduction}). So
|
||
there's an obvious chicken-and-egg problem: how does the first package
|
||
get built? How does the first compiler get compiled? Note that this is
|
||
a question of interest only to the curious hacker, not to the regular
|
||
user, so you can shamelessly skip this section if you consider yourself
|
||
a ``regular user''.
|
||
|
||
@cindex bootstrap binaries
|
||
The GNU system is primarily made of C code, with libc at its core. The
|
||
GNU build system itself assumes the availability of a Bourne shell and
|
||
command-line tools provided by GNU Coreutils, Awk, Findutils, `sed', and
|
||
`grep'. Furthermore, build programs---programs that run
|
||
@code{./configure}, @code{make}, etc.---are written in Guile Scheme
|
||
(@pxref{Derivations}). Consequently, to be able to build anything at
|
||
all, from scratch, Guix relies on pre-built binaries of Guile, GCC,
|
||
Binutils, libc, and the other packages mentioned above---the
|
||
@dfn{bootstrap binaries}.
|
||
|
||
These bootstrap binaries are ``taken for granted'', though we can also
|
||
re-create them if needed (more on that later).
|
||
|
||
@unnumberedsubsec Preparing to Use the Bootstrap Binaries
|
||
|
||
@c As of Emacs 24.3, Info-mode displays the image, but since it's a
|
||
@c large image, it's hard to scroll. Oh well.
|
||
@image{images/bootstrap-graph,6in,,Dependency graph of the early bootstrap derivations}
|
||
|
||
The figure above shows the very beginning of the dependency graph of the
|
||
distribution, corresponding to the package definitions of the @code{(gnu
|
||
packages bootstrap)} module. A similar figure can be generated with
|
||
@command{guix graph} (@pxref{Invoking guix graph}), along the lines of:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix graph -t derivation \
|
||
-e '(@@@@ (gnu packages bootstrap) %bootstrap-gcc)' \
|
||
| dot -Tps > t.ps
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
At this level of detail, things are
|
||
slightly complex. First, Guile itself consists of an ELF executable,
|
||
along with many source and compiled Scheme files that are dynamically
|
||
loaded when it runs. This gets stored in the @file{guile-2.0.7.tar.xz}
|
||
tarball shown in this graph. This tarball is part of Guix's ``source''
|
||
distribution, and gets inserted into the store with @code{add-to-store}
|
||
(@pxref{The Store}).
|
||
|
||
But how do we write a derivation that unpacks this tarball and adds it
|
||
to the store? To solve this problem, the @code{guile-bootstrap-2.0.drv}
|
||
derivation---the first one that gets built---uses @code{bash} as its
|
||
builder, which runs @code{build-bootstrap-guile.sh}, which in turn calls
|
||
@code{tar} to unpack the tarball. Thus, @file{bash}, @file{tar},
|
||
@file{xz}, and @file{mkdir} are statically-linked binaries, also part of
|
||
the Guix source distribution, whose sole purpose is to allow the Guile
|
||
tarball to be unpacked.
|
||
|
||
Once @code{guile-bootstrap-2.0.drv} is built, we have a functioning
|
||
Guile that can be used to run subsequent build programs. Its first task
|
||
is to download tarballs containing the other pre-built binaries---this
|
||
is what the @code{.tar.xz.drv} derivations do. Guix modules such as
|
||
@code{ftp-client.scm} are used for this purpose. The
|
||
@code{module-import.drv} derivations import those modules in a directory
|
||
in the store, using the original layout. The
|
||
@code{module-import-compiled.drv} derivations compile those modules, and
|
||
write them in an output directory with the right layout. This
|
||
corresponds to the @code{#:modules} argument of
|
||
@code{build-expression->derivation} (@pxref{Derivations}).
|
||
|
||
Finally, the various tarballs are unpacked by the
|
||
derivations @code{gcc-bootstrap-0.drv}, @code{glibc-bootstrap-0.drv},
|
||
etc., at which point we have a working C tool chain.
|
||
|
||
|
||
@unnumberedsubsec Building the Build Tools
|
||
|
||
Bootstrapping is complete when we have a full tool chain that does not
|
||
depend on the pre-built bootstrap tools discussed above. This
|
||
no-dependency requirement is verified by checking whether the files of
|
||
the final tool chain contain references to the @file{/gnu/store}
|
||
directories of the bootstrap inputs. The process that leads to this
|
||
``final'' tool chain is described by the package definitions found in
|
||
the @code{(gnu packages commencement)} module.
|
||
|
||
The @command{guix graph} command allows us to ``zoom out'' compared to
|
||
the graph above, by looking at the level of package objects instead of
|
||
individual derivations---remember that a package may translate to
|
||
several derivations, typically one derivation to download its source,
|
||
one to build the Guile modules it needs, and one to actually build the
|
||
package from source. The command:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix graph -t bag \
|
||
-e '(@@@@ (gnu packages commencement)
|
||
glibc-final-with-bootstrap-bash)' | dot -Tps > t.ps
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
@noindent
|
||
produces the dependency graph leading to the ``final'' C
|
||
library@footnote{You may notice the @code{glibc-intermediate} label,
|
||
suggesting that it is not @emph{quite} final, but as a good
|
||
approximation, we will consider it final.}, depicted below.
|
||
|
||
@image{images/bootstrap-packages,6in,,Dependency graph of the early packages}
|
||
|
||
@c See <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/gnu-system-discuss/2012-10/msg00000.html>.
|
||
The first tool that gets built with the bootstrap binaries is
|
||
GNU@tie{}Make---noted @code{make-boot0} above---which is a prerequisite
|
||
for all the following packages. From there Findutils and Diffutils get
|
||
built.
|
||
|
||
Then come the first-stage Binutils and GCC, built as pseudo cross
|
||
tools---i.e., with @code{--target} equal to @code{--host}. They are
|
||
used to build libc. Thanks to this cross-build trick, this libc is
|
||
guaranteed not to hold any reference to the initial tool chain.
|
||
|
||
From there the final Binutils and GCC (not shown above) are built.
|
||
GCC uses @code{ld}
|
||
from the final Binutils, and links programs against the just-built libc.
|
||
This tool chain is used to build the other packages used by Guix and by
|
||
the GNU Build System: Guile, Bash, Coreutils, etc.
|
||
|
||
And voilà! At this point we have the complete set of build tools that
|
||
the GNU Build System expects. These are in the @code{%final-inputs}
|
||
variable of the @code{(gnu packages commencement)} module, and are
|
||
implicitly used by any package that uses @code{gnu-build-system}
|
||
(@pxref{Build Systems, @code{gnu-build-system}}).
|
||
|
||
|
||
@unnumberedsubsec Building the Bootstrap Binaries
|
||
|
||
Because the final tool chain does not depend on the bootstrap binaries,
|
||
those rarely need to be updated. Nevertheless, it is useful to have an
|
||
automated way to produce them, should an update occur, and this is what
|
||
the @code{(gnu packages make-bootstrap)} module provides.
|
||
|
||
The following command builds the tarballs containing the bootstrap
|
||
binaries (Guile, Binutils, GCC, libc, and a tarball containing a mixture
|
||
of Coreutils and other basic command-line tools):
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build bootstrap-tarballs
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
The generated tarballs are those that should be referred to in the
|
||
@code{(gnu packages bootstrap)} module mentioned at the beginning of
|
||
this section.
|
||
|
||
Still here? Then perhaps by now you've started to wonder: when do we
|
||
reach a fixed point? That is an interesting question! The answer is
|
||
unknown, but if you would like to investigate further (and have
|
||
significant computational and storage resources to do so), then let us
|
||
know.
|
||
|
||
@node Porting
|
||
@section Porting to a New Platform
|
||
|
||
As discussed above, the GNU distribution is self-contained, and
|
||
self-containment is achieved by relying on pre-built ``bootstrap
|
||
binaries'' (@pxref{Bootstrapping}). These binaries are specific to an
|
||
operating system kernel, CPU architecture, and application binary
|
||
interface (ABI). Thus, to port the distribution to a platform that is
|
||
not yet supported, one must build those bootstrap binaries, and update
|
||
the @code{(gnu packages bootstrap)} module to use them on that platform.
|
||
|
||
Fortunately, Guix can @emph{cross compile} those bootstrap binaries.
|
||
When everything goes well, and assuming the GNU tool chain supports the
|
||
target platform, this can be as simple as running a command like this
|
||
one:
|
||
|
||
@example
|
||
guix build --target=armv5tel-linux-gnueabi bootstrap-tarballs
|
||
@end example
|
||
|
||
For this to work, the @code{glibc-dynamic-linker} procedure in
|
||
@code{(gnu packages bootstrap)} must be augmented to return the right
|
||
file name for libc's dynamic linker on that platform; likewise,
|
||
@code{system->linux-architecture} in @code{(gnu packages linux)} must be
|
||
taught about the new platform.
|
||
|
||
Once these are built, the @code{(gnu packages bootstrap)} module needs
|
||
to be updated to refer to these binaries on the target platform. That
|
||
is, the hashes and URLs of the bootstrap tarballs for the new platform
|
||
must be added alongside those of the currently supported platforms. The
|
||
bootstrap Guile tarball is treated specially: it is expected to be
|
||
available locally, and @file{gnu/local.mk} has rules do download it for
|
||
the supported architectures; a rule for the new platform must be added
|
||
as well.
|
||
|
||
In practice, there may be some complications. First, it may be that the
|
||
extended GNU triplet that specifies an ABI (like the @code{eabi} suffix
|
||
above) is not recognized by all the GNU tools. Typically, glibc
|
||
recognizes some of these, whereas GCC uses an extra @code{--with-abi}
|
||
configure flag (see @code{gcc.scm} for examples of how to handle this).
|
||
Second, some of the required packages could fail to build for that
|
||
platform. Lastly, the generated binaries could be broken for some
|
||
reason.
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@include contributing.texi
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@node Acknowledgments
|
||
@chapter Acknowledgments
|
||
|
||
Guix is based on the @uref{http://nixos.org/nix/, Nix package manager},
|
||
which was designed and
|
||
implemented by Eelco Dolstra, with contributions from other people (see
|
||
the @file{nix/AUTHORS} file in Guix.) Nix pioneered functional package
|
||
management, and promoted unprecedented features, such as transactional
|
||
package upgrades and rollbacks, per-user profiles, and referentially
|
||
transparent build processes. Without this work, Guix would not exist.
|
||
|
||
The Nix-based software distributions, Nixpkgs and NixOS, have also been
|
||
an inspiration for Guix.
|
||
|
||
GNU@tie{}Guix itself is a collective work with contributions from a
|
||
number of people. See the @file{AUTHORS} file in Guix for more
|
||
information on these fine people. The @file{THANKS} file lists people
|
||
who have helped by reporting bugs, taking care of the infrastructure,
|
||
providing artwork and themes, making suggestions, and more---thank you!
|
||
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@node GNU Free Documentation License
|
||
@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
|
||
|
||
@include fdl-1.3.texi
|
||
|
||
@c *********************************************************************
|
||
@node Concept Index
|
||
@unnumbered Concept Index
|
||
@printindex cp
|
||
|
||
@node Programming Index
|
||
@unnumbered Programming Index
|
||
@syncodeindex tp fn
|
||
@syncodeindex vr fn
|
||
@printindex fn
|
||
|
||
@bye
|
||
|
||
@c Local Variables:
|
||
@c ispell-local-dictionary: "american";
|
||
@c End:
|