* gnu/build/vm.scm (estimated-partition-size): New procedure.
* gnu/system/vm.scm (expression->derivation-in-linux-vm):
Change #:disk-image-size default to 'guess.
[builder]: When DISK-IMAGE-SIZE is 'guess, use
'estimated-partition-size' and compute and estimate of the image size.
(qemu-image): Likewise.
* guix/build/store-copy.scm (file-size, closure-size): New procedures.
* guix/scripts/system.scm (%default-options): Change 'image-size' to
'guess.
* doc/guix.texi (Building the Installation Image): Remove '--image-size'
flag from example.
(Invoking guix system): Document the image size estimate.
* gnu/build/vm.scm (load-in-linux-vm): Add 'format' call when
MAKE-DISK-IMAGE? is true.
(initialize-partition-table): Show the size of the partitions being
created.
* gnu/build/marionette.scm (wait-for-file): New procedure.
* gnu/tests/base.scm (run-mcron-test)[test](wait-for-file): Remove.
Pass second argument in 'wait-for-file' calls.
* gnu/tests/ssh.scm (run-ssh-test)[test](wait-for-file): Remove.
Pass second argument in 'wait-for-file' calls.
* gnu/tests/messaging.scm (run-xmpp-test)[test](guest-wait-for-file):
Remove.
Use 'wait-for-file' instead, with second argument.
Trying to boot GuixSD when an audio CD is in the drive will die with an
"input/output error" when trying to read the superblock from the cd
drive.
This patch catches and warns in this case rather than dying.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (ENOENT-safe): Handle EIO.
Signed-off-by: Ludovic Courtès <ludo@gnu.org>
Reported by Alex Griffin <a@ajgrf.com>.
Fixes <http://bugs.gnu.org/27135>.
* gnu/build/activation.scm (add-user): When UID is zero, add 'chmod'
call.
* gnu/tests/base.scm (run-basic-test)["permissions on /root"]: New test.
Fixes a bug whereby GuixSD would create the /nonexistent directory, from
user 'nobody', even though it has 'create-home-directory?' set to #f.
* gnu/build/activation.scm (activate-users+groups): Add comment for
\#:create-home?.
(activate-user-home)[ensure-user-home]: Skip when CREATE-HOME? is #f or
SYSTEM? is #t.
* gnu/tests/base.scm (run-basic-test)["no extra home directories"]: New
tests.
Previously a named socket such as /dev/log would fail
the 'regular-file?' test and we'd end up mkdir'ing it.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (regular-file?): Remove.
(mount-file-system): Change (regular-file? source)
to (not (file-is-directory? source)).
* gnu/build/vm.scm (define-module): Use module (guix build syscalls).
It fixes the following warnings during guix build :
gnu/build/vm.scm:233:3: warning: possibly unbound variable `mount'
gnu/build/vm.scm:238:3: warning: possibly unbound variable `umount'
gnu/build/vm.scm:268:8: warning: possibly unbound variable `mount'
gnu/build/vm.scm:276:8: warning: possibly unbound variable `umount'
gnu/build/vm.scm:315:4: warning: possibly unbound variable `mount'
gnu/build/vm.scm:323:4: warning: possibly unbound variable `umount'
This was not possible until the previous commit because we had to be sure
that Guile core implementation of 'mount' and 'umount' was used in
initrd context.
Signed-off-by: Ludovic Courtès <ludo@gnu.org>
* guix/scripts/pack.scm (self-contained-tarball): Add #:localstatedir?
parameter and honor it.
(%options, show-help): Add '--localstatedir'.
(guix-pack): Honor it.
* gnu/build/install.scm (populate-single-profile-directory): Add
#:register? parameter and honor it.
* doc/guix.texi (Binary Installation): Use '--localstatedir' in
example.
(Invoking guix pack): Document it.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm (container-excursion*): New procedure.
* tests/containers.scm ("container-excursion*")
("container-excursion*, same namespaces"): New tests.
This avoids problems where 'isatty?' return #t but 'ttyname' fails with
ENOTTY or such.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm (mount-file-systems): Remove call of
'isatty?'. Directly call 'ttyname' and catch 'system-error'.
This fixes a regression introduced in
ae763b5b0b whereby home directories and
skeletons would be root-owned.
* gnu/build/activation.scm (copy-account-skeletons): Make 'directory' a
keyword parameter. Add #:uid and #:gid and honor them.
[set-owner]: New procedure.
(activate-user-home): Add call to 'getpw' and 'chown'. Pass UID and GID
to 'copy-account-skeletons'.
* gnu/tests/base.scm (run-basic-test)["skeletons in home directories"]:
Test file ownership under HOME.
Fixes <http://bugs.gnu.org/21108>.
Reported by Andy Patterson <ajpatter@uwaterloo.ca>
and Leo Famulari <leo@famulari.name>.
* gnu/build/activation.scm (activate-users+groups)[activate-user]: Pass
#:create-home? #t iff CREATE-HOME? and SYSTEM?.
(activate-user-home): New procedure.
* gnu/system/shadow.scm (account-shepherd-service): New procedure.
(account-service-type)[extensions]: Add SHEPHERD-ROOT-SERVICE-TYPE
extension.
* gnu/tests/base.scm (run-basic-test)["home"]
["skeletons in home directories"]: New tests.
* gnu/tests/install.scm (%separate-home-os, %separate-home-os-source)
(%test-separate-home-os): New variables.
Fixes <http://bugs.gnu.org/25573>.
Reported by Alex Kost <alezost@gmail.com>.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (seek*): New procedure.
(read-superblock): Use it instead of 'seek' and ensure it returns
OFFSET.
* gnu/build/activation.scm (make-file-writable): Move this to ...
* guix/build/utils.scm (make-file-writable): ... here. Export it.
* guix/build/gnu-build-system.scm (strip): Use it.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (read-superblock,
null-terminated-latin1->string): New variables.
(sub-bytevector): Move to general section.
(ext2-superblock?, read-ext2-superblock): New variables.
(ext2-superblock-uuid, ext2-superblock-volume-name): Use
sub-bytevector and null-terminated-latin1->string.
(%ext2-sblock-magic, %ext2-sblock-creator-os, %ext2-sblock-uuid,
%ext2-sblock-volume-name): Inline constants.
(luks-superblock?, read-luks-header): New variables.
(%luks-header-size, %luks-magic): Inline.
(partition-label-predicate, partition-uuid-predicate,
luks-partition-uuid-predicate): Use new functions.
* gnu/packages/cross-base.scm (cross-gcc-arguments) <#:phases>: Use
'cross-gcc-build-phases', and move body cross-toolchain.scm.
(cross-gcc): Add #:imported-modules. Add (gnu build cross-toolchain) to
#:modules.
* gnu/build/cross-toolchain.scm: New file, with code from
'cross-gcc-arguments'.
* gnu/local.mk (GNU_SYSTEM_MODULES): Add it.
This allows 'grub-install' to do the right thing when / or /boot is a
LUKS-encrypted partition.
Fixes <http://bugs.gnu.org/21843>.
* gnu/build/install.scm (install-grub): Add 'setenv' to set
'GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK'.
(wait-for-screen-text): New test.
* gnu/tests/base.scm (run-basic-test): Add #:initialization parameter
and honor it.
* gnu/tests/install.scm (%encrypted-root-os)[kernel-arguments]: Remove.
(%encrypted-root-installation-script): Pass '--uuid' to 'cryptsetup
luksFormat'. Remove 'sed' invocation.
(enter-luks-passphrase): New procedure.
(%test-encrypted-os)[value]: Pass #:initialization to 'run-basic-test'.
* gnu/build/marionette.scm (<marionette>)[marionette-repl]: Rename to...
[%marionette-repl]: ... this.
(marionette-repl): New macro.
(make-marionette): Wrap last 'read' call into 'delay', making the last
argument to 'marionette' a promise of a port.
(marionette-eval): Use 'force' in 'match' clause.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm (mount-file-systems): 'mounts' is now a
list of <file-system> objects instead of a list of lists ("specs").
Add call to 'file-system->spec' as the argument to 'mount-file-system'.
(run-container, call-with-container): Adjust docstring accordingly.
* gnu/system/file-systems.scm (spec->file-system): New procedure.
* gnu/system/linux-container.scm (container-script)[script]: Call
'spec->file-system' inside gexp.
* guix/scripts/environment.scm (launch-environment/container): Remove
call to 'file-system->spec'.
* tests/containers.scm ("call-with-container, mnt namespace")
("call-with-container, mnt namespace, wrong bind mount"): Pass a list of
<file-system> objects.
Previously, partitions of mdadm- or cryptsetup-produced block devices
would not be returned by 'disk-partitions'.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (disk-partitions)[last-character]: New
procedure.
[partition?]: Add 'name' parameter and rewrite. Adjust caller.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (ENOENT-safe): Silently ignore ENOMEDIUM.
Fixes compilation by 'guix pull' where Guile-{RSVG,Cairo} are missing.
Reported by Efraim Flashner.
* gnu/build/svg.scm: Use 'module-autoload!' rather than 'module-use!'.
Based on a suggestion by Andy Wingo at
<https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/guix-devel/2015-08/msg00753.html>.
* gnu/build/svg.scm: New file.
* gnu/local.mk (GNU_SYSTEM_MODULES): Add it.
* gnu/system/grub.scm (svg->png): Add #:width and #:height. Rewrite to
use (gnu build svg).
(resize-image): Remove.
(grub-background-image): Adjust accordingly.
Before that, 'container-excursion' would call 'setns' even when the
target namespace is the one the caller is already in, which would fail.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm (container-excursion): Introduce
'source' and 'target'. Compare the result of 'readlink' on these
instead of comparing file descriptors to decide whether to call
'setns'.
* tests/containers.scm ("container-excursion, same namespace"): New test.
Fixes <http://bugs.gnu.org/23306>.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm (run-container): Use 'socketpair'
instead of 'pipe'. Rename 'in' to 'child' and 'out' to 'parent'. Send
a 'ready message or an exception argument list from the child to the
parent; adjust the parent accordingly.
* tests/containers.scm ("call-with-container, mnt namespace, wrong bind
mount"): New test.
* tests/guix-environment-container.sh: Add test with
--expose=/does-not-exist.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (%luks-endianness, %luks-header-size): New
macros.
(%luks-magic): New variable.
(sub-bytevector, read-luks-header, luks-header-uuid): New procedures.
(partition-predicate): Add 'read' parameter; wrap it with 'ENOENT-safe'.
Use it instead of 'read-ext2-superblock*'.
(read-ext2-superblock*): Remove.
(partition-label-predicate, partition-uuid-predicate): Pass
'read-ext2-superblock' as the first argument.
(partition-luks-uuid-predicate): New variable.
(find-partition-by-luks-uuid): New procedure.
Fixes <http://bugs.gnu.org/22633>.
* gnu/build/vm.scm (load-in-linux-vm): Only pass "-enable-kvm" flag to qemu
if "/dev/kvm" is present.
* gnu/system/vm.scm (common-kvm-options): Same as above.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm (unprivileged-user-namespace-supported?): Only
read and check the first character, to cope with a possible newline in the
(pseudo-)file.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (canonicalize-device-spec)[canonical-title]:
Use 'string->uuid' to check whether SPEC is a UUID.
When SPEC is a string and CANONICAL-TITLE is 'uuid, call 'string->uuid'.
* gnu/system.scm (operating-system-grub.cfg): Add 'root-device'
variable and use it for the "--root=" argument.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm (namespaces->bit-mask): Remove
CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID and CLONE_CHILD_SETTID, which are unneeded.
Discussed at <http://bugs.gnu.org/21694>.
Reported by David Thompson <dthompson2@worcester.edu>
at <https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/guix-devel/2015-10/msg00284.html>.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (mount-file-system): When SOURCE matches
'regular-file?', do not create MOUNT-POINT if it already exists. This
fixes a bug whereby we would be truncating MOUNT-POINT if it already
existed.
Before, call-with-clean-exit would *always* return an exit code of 1.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm (call-with-clean-exit): Exit with status
code of 0 if thunk does not throw an exception.
* tests/containers.scm: Add test.
Suggested by Petter <petter@mykolab.ch>
and Mark H Weaver <mhw@netris.org>.
Reported by Duncan Keall <duncan@duncankeall.com>.
Partly fixes <http://bugs.gnu.org/19190> by populating /dev/mapper
early enough.
* gnu/build/linux-boot.scm (mount-essential-file-systems): Mount /dev as
a devtmpfs.
(move-essential-file-systems): Add /dev.
(mount-root-file-system): Mount /rw-root/dev as a devtmpfs instead of
calling 'make-essential-device-nodes'.
(boot-system): Remove call to 'make-essential-device-nodes'.
* gnu/system/file-systems.scm (%devtmpfs-file-system): Remove.
* doc/guix.texi (File Systems): Adjust accordingly.
The intent is to make 'clone' behave a lot more like 'primitive-fork', which
calls clone(2) with SIGCHLD, CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID, and CLONE_CHILD_SETTID
flags. Notably, running 'clone' at the REPL without these flags would break
the REPL beyond repair.
* guix/build/syscalls.scm (CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID, CLONE_CHILD_SETTID): New
variables.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm (namespaces->bit-mask): Add
CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID and CLONE_CHILD_SETTID to bit mask.
It's not always possible to map 65536 uids when creating a container as the
root user within another user namespace. This is true when building Guix
within the build daemon's container. By using a uid range of 1 by default,
even as the root user, the tests now pass.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm (initialize-user-namespace, run-container):
Add 'host-uids' argument.
(call-with-container): Add #:host-uids keyword argument.
* tests/containers.scm ("container-excursion"): Update 'run-container' call.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (regular-file?): New procedure.
(mount-file-system): Create a regular file instead of a directory when bind
mounting a regular file.
* gnu/build/vm.scm (<partition>): New record type.
(fold2): New procedure.
(initialize-partition-table): Remove #:bootable? and
'partition-size' parameters. Add 'partitions' parameter. Invoke 'parted'
with '--script'.
(initialize-root-partition): Remove.
(initialize-partition, root-partition-initializer): New procedures.
(initialize-hard-disk): Remove #:system-directory, #:disk-image-size,
#:file-system-type, #:file-system-label, #:closures, #:copy-closures?,
#:bootable?, and #:register-closures? parameters. Add #:partitions.
Rewrite to use 'initialize-partition' for each item of PARTITIONS.
* gnu/system/vm.scm (expression->derivation-in-linux-vm): Add (guix records)
to #:modules default value.
(qemu-image): Adjust accordingly.
* gnu/build/vm.scm (initialize-root-partition, initialize-hard-disk): Use the
'umount' procedure instead of invoking the 'umount' command.
* gnu/system/vm.scm (qemu-image): Remove UTIL-LINUX from INPUTS.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (read-ext2-superblock*, partition-predicate): New
procedures.
(partition-label-predicate): Rewrite in terms of 'partition-predicate'.
(partition-uuid-predicate, find-partition-by-uuid, uuid->string): New
procedures.
(%network-byte-order): New macro.
(canonicalize-device-spec)[canonical-title]: Check whether SPEC is a string.
[resolve]: New procedure.
Add 'uuid' case and use it.
* gnu/build/linux-container.scm: New file.
* gnu-system.am (GNU_SYSTEM_MODULES): Add it.
* .dir-locals.el: Add Scheme indent rules for 'call-with-container', and
'container-excursion'.
* tests/containers.scm: New file.
* Makefile.am (SCM_TESTS): Add it.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm: Import (guix build syscalls) when 'mount' is not
defined.
* gnu/system.scm (operating-system-activation-script): Include (guix build
syscalls) module in derivation.
* gnu/build/linux-initrd.scm (write-cpio-archive): Remove 'open-pipe*' and
related calls. Compute list of files in 'files' variable. Use
'cpio:write-cpio-archive'. Remove #:cpio parameter.
(build-initrd): Remove #:cpio parameter.
* gnu/system/linux-initrd.scm (expression->initrd): Likewise, and adjust
BUILDER accordingly. Add (guix cpio) to #:modules.
Rather than expecting a pointer, the version of 'mount' in
guile-static-stripped now takes a string for the 'options' argument, just like
the 'mount' procedure in (guix build syscalls).
* gnu/packages/patches/guile-linux-syscalls.patch (mount): Expect a string or
#f for 'options' argument.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (mount-file-system): Use new 'mount' interface.
* gnu/build/install.scm (populate-root-file-system): Delete system-1-link
under TARGET, not under /. Use 'catch' and check for EEXIST instead of
(false-if-exception (delete-file ...)).
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (MS_REMOUNT): New constant.
(mount-file-system): Add 'flags' local variable. When FLAGS has
MS_BIND & MS_RDONLY, call 'mount' with MS_REMOUNT.
* gnu/services/base.scm (file-system-service) <start>: Likewise.
Suggested by Pjotr Prins <pjotr.public12@thebird.nl>
at <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/guix-devel/2015-04/msg00229.html>.
* gnu/build/install.scm (populate-single-profile-directory): New procedure.
* gnu/system/install.scm (self-contained-tarball): New procedure.
* Makefile.am (guix-binary.%.tar.xz): New target.
Fixes <http://bugs.gnu.org/19795>.
Reported by David Thompson <dthompson2@worcester.edu>.
* gnu/build/activation.scm (enumerate, current-users, current-groups,
delete-user, delete-group): New procedures.
(activate-users+groups): Add calls to 'delete-user' and
'delete-group'.
* doc/guix.texi (User Accounts): Add a paragraph about statelessness.
Explain that passwords are preserved.
Reported Joshua Grant.
Patch suggested by Mark H Weaver.
* gnu/build/linux-boot.scm (mount-root-file-system): Use
'false-if-exception' instead of 'when (file-exists? ...)' to account
for dangling symlinks.
* gnu/build/activation.scm (%skeleton-directory): New variable.
(dot-or-dot-dot?, copy-account-skeletons): New procedure.
(add-user): Use 'copy-account-skeletons'.
(activate-etc): Use 'dot-or-dot-dot?'.
This would not work when /boot is a separate partition, as reported by
Nikita Karetnikov <nikita@karetnikov.org> in <http://bugs.gnu.org/19220>.
This fixes a regression introduced in 39d1f82.
* gnu/build/install.scm (install-grub): Copy GRUB.CFG instead of
symlinking it, as was the case before 39d1f82.
* gnu/build/vm.scm (register-grub.cfg-root): Add 'grub.cfg' parameter.
Make it a permanent GC root instead of an indirect GC root.
(initialize-hard-disk): Adjust accordingly.
* guix/scripts/system.scm (install-grub*): Replace use of
'add-indirect-root' by the addition of a permanent GC root in
%GC-ROOTS-DIRECTORY.
Fixes <http://bugs.gnu.org/19160>.
* guix/scripts/system.scm (install-grub*): Make /boot/grub/grub.cfg an
indirect GC root.
* gnu/build/install.scm (install-grub): Make TARGET a symlink.
* gnu/build/vm.scm (register-grub.cfg-root): New procedure.
(initialize-hard-disk): Use it.
* gnu/packages/patches/guile-linux-syscalls.patch (scm_load_linux_module):
Leave 'errno' unchanged when ERR != 0.
* gnu/build/linux-modules.scm (load-linux-module*): Check for the errno
value of ARGS to determine whether the module was already loaded.
* gnu/build/linux-boot.scm (mount-root-file-system): Remove 'catch #t'
around body. This was unneeded and even inconvenient because this
procedure is called from within 'call-with-error-handling' already.
* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (mount-file-system): When OPTIONS is false,
write "rw" to /etc/mtab. This fixes a bug whereby 'remove-from-mtab'
in (guix syscalls) would otherwise raise a 'match-error' because of
the missing field. This affected file systems mounted from the
initrd, such as devtmpfs, which has options == #f.
Reported by nebuli on #guix.
* gnu/build/vm.scm (initialize-partition-table): Add #:bootable?
parameter and honor it.
(initialize-hard-disk): Likewise.
* gnu/build/activation.scm (activate-firmware): New procedure.
* gnu/system.scm (<operating-system>)[firmware]: New field.
(directory-union): New procedure.
(%base-firmware): New variable.
(operating-system-activation-script): Use 'directory-union', and call
'activate-firmware'.
* doc/guix.texi (operating-system Reference): Document 'firmware'.
Fixes <http://bugs.gnu.org/18525>.
Reported by Mark H Weaver <mhw@netris.org>.
* gnu/build/activation.scm (activate-modprobe): New procedure.
* gnu/system.scm (modprobe-wrapper): New procedure.
(operating-system-activation-script): Use both.
* gnu/build/linux-boot.scm (boot-system): Add #:pre-mount parameter and
honor it.
* gnu/system/linux-initrd.scm (base-initrd): Add #:mapped-devices
parameter. Add 'device-mapping-commands' variable, and use it to
build the #:pre-mount argument of 'boot-system'.
* gnu/system.scm (mapped-device-user,
operating-system-user-mapped-devices,
operating-system-boot-mapped-devices): New procedures.
(device-mapping-services): Use 'operating-system-user-mapped-devices'
instead of 'operating-system-mapped-devices'.
(operating-system-initrd-file): Call the initrd with #:mapped-devices.
* gnu/build/activation.scm (activate-current-system): Honor
$GUIX_NEW_SYSTEM by default.
* guix/scripts/system.scm (switch-to-system): Set $GUIX_NEW_SYSTEM
before loading SCRIPT.
* gnu/build/install.scm (directives): Remove "/bin/sh".
* gnu/build/activation.scm (activate-/bin/sh): New procedure.
* gnu/system.scm (operating-system-activation-script): Use it.
Before that, 'sudo' would exit with:
sudo: /etc/sudoers is not a regular file
sudo: no valid sudoers sources found, quitting
* gnu/build/activation.scm (activate-etc): Check if SOURCE matches
'file-is-directory?'. If not, use 'copy-file' instead of 'symlink'.
* gnu/build/install.scm (evaluate-populate-directive): Wrap body in
"catch 'system-error", and report clear errors. In the symlink case,
retry up EEXIST.
(populate-root-file-system): Remove /var/guix/profiles/system-1-link
before attempting to create it.
* gnu/system/linux-initrd.scm (expression->initrd): Remove #:linux and
#:linux-modules parameters. Remove call to
'float-linux-module-directory'.
(base-initrd): Add call to 'float-linux-module-directory'. Use it in
#:linux-modules argument in the gexp. Remove #:linux and
#:linux-modules arguments to 'expression->initrd'.
* gnu/build/linux-initrd.scm (build-initrd): Remove
#:linux-module-directory parameter. Don't create 'modules'
sub-directory.
* gnu/build/linux-boot.scm (boot-system): Mentin that LINUX-MODULES is a
list of absolute file names. Don't prepend "/modules/" to
LINUX-MODULES.
* doc/guix.texi (Initial RAM Disk): Adjust accordingly.
* gnu/build/linux-initrd.scm (cache-compiled-file-name,
compile-to-cache, build-initrd): New procedures.
* gnu/system/linux-initrd.scm (expression->initrd)[builder]: Remove code
now moved above. Use 'build-initrd'.
* gnu/system/linux-initrd.scm (expression->initrd): Remove calls to
'imported-modules' and 'compiled-modules'. Use 'gexp->script' with
EXP. Add the result to TO-COPY. Make /init a symlink to that script,
and copy its closure into the "contents" directory. Add fake
/proc/self/exe symlink.
* gnu/build/linux-boot.scm (load-linux-module*): Add comment about mmap.
* gnu/system/vm.scm (system-qemu-image/shared-store-script): Add "-m
256". This turns out to be needed for initrds containing things like
e2fsck and several modules; with the default of 128 MiB, loading
libahci.ko may fail with -1.
* gnu/build/linux-initrd.scm: New file.
* gnu-system.am (GNU_SYSTEM_MODULES): Add it.
* gnu/system/linux-initrd.scm (expression->initrd): Use (gnu build
linux-initrd) and 'write-cpio-archive' instead of the inlined code.
Ludovic Courtès